Education Corner

There are many types of cancer screening methods available — but what exactly sets them apart? Can any test tell you with 100% certainty whether you have cancer?Let’s take a closer look at two major types of blood-based cancer screening: Cancer Marker Tests, mRNA and ctDNA Testing. The first helps with preliminary risk assessment, while the second focuses on ultra-early detection.They differ in principle, accuracy, and target users — and combining both can improve overall screening results.   What is a cancer marker test? A cancer marker test measures the concentration of specific proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or the body’s response to them — for example: AFP (liver cancer) CEA (colorectal cancer) CA125 (ovarian cancer) These tests are mainly used for preliminary risk assessment, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting recurrence.However, the results can easily be affected by inflammation, smoking, or other health conditions, leading to false positives or false negatives. Their sensitivity is limited — in early-stage cancer, only about 5–30% of cases show elevated levels.   What is ctDNA Testing? ctDNA testing uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) and AI to analyze tumor DNA fragments in the blood, detecting mutation signals as low as 0.25%. This makes it suitable for early screening and MRD (minimal residual disease) monitoring, with accuracy of 92-99%, and generally stronger than mRNA for recurrence monitoring and precision therapy.   What cancers can mRNA /ctDNA testing detect? mRNA testing enables earlier detection than cancer markers, screening for cancers like lung, liver, stomach, pancreatic, colorectal, nasopharyngeal, and breast cancer, with benefits of no radiation and non-invasiveness. ctDNA offers non-invasive testing, detecting even more cancer types than mRNA, aided by AI for the highest specificity among the three methods. Thus, mRNA/ctDNA testing outperforms traditional imaging (like CT, which needs 1cm+ tumors) for ultra-early screening.   A quick comparison at a glance Feature Cancer Marker mRNA Testing ctDNA Testing Principle Measures protein/antigen levels Detects tumor mRNA gene signals Analyzes ctDNA mutations & fragments Accuracy Limited; prone to false positives/negatives 93–97% sensitivity, highly accurate 92-99%, high specificity  Detection limit Later stage, tumors ≥1 cm Ultra-early, tumors ≥0.2 cm Early signals, 3-5 years ahead ​ Advantages Affordable, widely used for monitoring No radiation, detects multiple cancers Non-invasive, detects more cancers than mRNA Limitations Higher false positive rate, not diagnostic More expensive, supplementary use only More expensive   Due to their different technologies, the three methods complement each other for those in need.   Who should take which test? Cancer marker test: Recommended for adults over 40, individuals with a family history of cancer or chronic conditions, and existing cancer patients for tracking trends. Suggested 1–2 times per year. mRNA/ ctDNA test: Ideal for high-risk individuals (e.g., smokers, drinkers, those with family cancer history) or health-conscious individuals for annual screening, as well as postoperative monitoring. Suggested every 6–12 months. Healthy people without symptoms: Start with cancer marker testing. If results appear abnormal, follow up with other screenings. If you have any concerns, consult your doctor. Abnormal results usually require further imaging or clinical assessment, as no single test alone can confirm a cancer diagnosis.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

mRNA testing is a blood-based diagnostic technology that analyzes tumor-associated mRNA molecular markers in the bloodstream. It is used for ultra-early screening to detect whether tumor cell activity has occurred in the body. The test requires only a small amount of blood and involves no invasive procedure or radiation. Its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity can reach approximately 93–97%. Key Features of mRNA Testing: Precise and efficient: Multi-marker analysis captures tumors as small as 0.2 cm. Safe and convenient: Zero radiation, minimal blood draw, can be done anytime. Practical and flexible: Suitable for both screening and follow-up monitoring. mRNA testing was developed by EpiGolden Biotech and has obtained patents in several countries (including Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and China). Although not yet FDA-certified, it has been widely adopted in clinical practice—similar to many common biomarker tests—and is safe and reliable for the public.   From DNA to mRNA – What’s the Connection? Everyone’s DNA reflects their constitution and potential health risks. Traditional DNA testing indicates the probability of developing certain diseases in the future but doesn’t show one’s current health status. A high genetic risk does not necessarily mean one will develop cancer, and a low risk does not mean zero chance. The key lies in long-term risk management and regular monitoring. Tumor marker tests (cancer markers) measure specific proteins secreted by tumors via blood sampling to help assess cancer risk, monitor treatment effectiveness, or detect recurrence. However, these proteins can be affected by inflammation, other diseases, or lifestyle factors, leading to potential false positives or false negatives. Therefore, cancer marker levels alone are insufficient for diagnosis and are mainly used for preliminary screening and follow-up. mRNA testing, by contrast, focuses on gene activity. When cells are active—such as during tumor growth—specific mRNA molecules surge in number. By analyzing mRNA markers associated with disease and tracking their dynamic changes, mRNA testing can directly reflect whether abnormal tumor cell activity is occurring in the body. The process only requires a small sample of venous blood. By analyzing multiple cancer-related mRNA markers, it assesses the number and activity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). As a simple blood test, it requires no invasive surgery or high-dose radiation. Using multiple markers at once allows mRNA testing to capture core tumor signals more precisely, reducing false results and functioning as a reliable early warning system.   In the field of early cancer screening, in addition to mRNA testing, a breakthrough technology known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing has also emerged. ctDNA refers to DNA fragments released into the bloodstream by tumor cells during metabolism, growth, or apoptosis (cell death). These DNA fragments carry tumor-specific genetic features—such as mutations, methylation changes, or copy number variations—that directly reflect molecular-level information about the tumor.   Compared with mRNA testing, ctDNA has several key advantages: Greater stability: DNA is more stable and less prone to degradation than mRNA, allowing tumor genetic information to be preserved more accurately and reducing errors during sample handling. Clearer genetic indicators: ctDNA can directly reveal mutations, rearrangements, or methylation patterns linked to cancer, helping identify cancer types, predict treatment response, and monitor recurrence. Higher sensitivity: Advanced digital PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can detect minute traces of tumor DNA in the blood, outperforming traditional protein-based markers. Broader clinical applications: Beyond early screening, ctDNA testing is widely used in treatment monitoring, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and personalized cancer therapy. In summary, mRNA testing focuses on the dynamic activity of tumor cells—making it excellent for early detection—while ctDNA testing provides molecular-level insights into genetic mutations with superior stability and precision. When used together, they offer comprehensive cancer management—from early risk detection to continuous disease monitoring.   How Can It Tell What Type of Tumor It Is?Tumor cells from different organs carry distinct sets of mRNA molecular markers when entering the bloodstream. Chip-based technologies can identify these unique signatures to locate the potential origin—such as the lung or liver—guiding doctors for targeted follow-up examinations.   Does an Abnormal Result Mean I Have Cancer?If the report shows mild abnormalities, you can start by improving your lifestyle and retest after about two months.If results return to normal, you may resume regular checkup intervals; if the levels continue to rise, please consult your doctor as soon as possible. The numerical values themselves have no absolute meaning, so if you have any doubts, seek professional medical advice and avoid unnecessary anxiety.   Who Should Take mRNA or ctDNA Tests? Healthy individuals: Once a year High-risk individuals (family history or environmental exposure): Every six months Patients during or after treatment: One week after surgery or ten days after chemotherapy, with continued monitoring every six months   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

Aside from memory loss, dementia patients often experience mood swings, such as depression or irritability. As caregivers, how can we better take care of them? Caregivers should prioritize “safety first, patient communication, and maintaining dignity,” while also remembering to look after their own emotional well-being. Support can begin with improvements in daily safety, communication and emotional care, and brain health and overall wellness management.   1. Daily safety Install gas sensors, non-slip mats, night lights, and door alarms at home to prevent wandering or falls. Store dangerous items such as cleaning agents and flammable materials safely out of reach. Ensure the patient wears an ID tag or a smartwatch with location tracking containing family contact numbers and addresses to reduce the risk of getting lost.   2. Communication and emotional care Avoid blame-based language like “You forgot again” or “I just told you that.” Instead, say things such as “Let’s think about it together.” Many patients are aware of their memory decline—criticism can make them feel “useless” and heighten frustration, anxiety, and withdrawal. Encouraging cooperation and emphasizing solutions helps preserve their self-esteem and dignity. When patients become agitated, try soothing activities such as listening to music or taking a walk. Encourage participation in community center activities or hobby classes to reduce loneliness and improve mood.   3. Brain care and daily exercise Take patients outdoors for a 30-minute daily walk, or encourage them to play mahjong or board games, listen to music, or read—activities that stimulate the brain and help slow cognitive decline. Remind patients to attend regular check-ups and take medication on time. Maintain a balanced diet with more fruits and vegetables, and less sugar and salt.   Caregivers often face financial and emotional stress, so their own mental health is equally important. Consider rotating caregiving duties among family members, or making use of community resources, such as elderly day respite services offered by the Social Welfare Department. If a caregiver feels overwhelmed or depressed, it’s advisable to seek medical advice and consult a psychiatrist as soon as possible. For inquiries, contact us via WhatsApp at 5223 7997, or click the link below: https://wa.me/85252237997   References:  alzheimers.gov – Tips for Caregivers and Families of People With Dementia Social Welfare Department – Day Care Services for the Elderly

Is Alzheimer’s disease caused by aging? No. Alzheimer’s disease is not simply caused by aging. While age is the greatest risk factor, Alzheimer’s is actually a specific brain disorder—distinct from normal aging. The true cause lies in brain degeneration, triggered by the formation of abnormal amyloid plaques and tangled nerve fibers (tau protein tangles) in the brain. Amyloid plaques accumulate between brain cells, disrupting neural communication and causing inflammation, which damages surrounding neurons. Meanwhile, tau tangles destroy the microtubule structure inside neurons, blocking nutrient transport, leading to cellular collapse and death.   Are the “Three Highs” (high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and high cholesterol) related to Alzheimer’s disease? Yes — the “Three Highs” do increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.Studies show that people with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s. Hypertension in particular can damage cerebral blood vessels, reduce brain blood flow, and cause microinfarctions and white matter lesions, which over time impair memory and thinking functions. Moreover, high blood sugar and insulin resistance can trigger chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular injury in the brain. Thus, metabolic conditions like the “Three Highs” are indeed key risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Other lifestyle factors—such as obesity, unhealthy diets (high in oil, salt, and sugar), mental inactivity, and lack of exercise—can further increase the likelihood of developing the condition.   Want to prevent Alzheimer’s early? In addition to keeping your brain active, there are screening options available. Here are two recommended examinations: Early Alzheimer’s Screening – HK$880A simple blood test to detect biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and assess your risk level.Learn more here: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/early_alzheimer_screening “Three Highs” & Diabetes Comprehensive Check – Promotional price HK$330 with code HC330A complete blood test covering lipid levels, blood sugar, and urinary health to help you detect metabolic conditions early.Learn more here: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/easycheck   References:  Alzheimer Society of Canada: 13 Risk Factors of Dementia National Institutes of Health (NIH): Alzheimer’s Disease – A Brief Overview

People often say that playing mahjong can help prevent dementia — but is that really true? Let’s find out below!   Does dementia mean total memory loss once it starts? In fact, dementia progresses through different stages and can last up to 10 years from early to late stage. In the beginning, it mainly involves mild memory decline, but in later stages, it gradually affects daily functioning, and patients may eventually need full-time care.   Early-stage symptoms: Memory decline and hesitation in making decisions. Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Increased irritability or moodiness. Difficulty expressing oneself smoothly. Getting off at the wrong bus stop or getting lost in unfamiliar areas.   Middle-stage symptoms: Confusion or forgetting family members’ names; some may lose sense of time. Reading and communication abilities further decline. Getting lost even in familiar neighborhood areas. Possible incontinence or forgetting that they’ve already eaten. Some may experience delusions—most commonly believing someone has stolen their money.   Late-stage symptoms: Complete dependence on others for mobility and eating; near-total loss of self-care ability. Severe memory loss, possibly forgetting their own name.   How can you prevent yourself or elderly family members from developing dementia? And is playing mahjong truly effective? Mahjong is a mentally demanding game that requires memory, calculation, risk assessment, and observation of opponents’ reactions. These high-level cognitive tasks help stimulate brain activity, enhance memory, focus, and reasoning. Studies show that people who regularly play mahjong have a lower risk of dementia on average—but the results are even better when paired with regular physical exercise.   Besides mahjong, other key preventive methods include: Regular exercise:Aerobic activities and strength training such as brisk walking, jogging, or practicing tai chi can reduce the risk of falls and maintain brain health.Research suggests that people with “moderate or above” levels of physical activity have 20–30% lower risk of developing dementia compared to sedentary individuals. Brain training:Engaging in activities like reading, writing, crossword puzzles, jigsaw puzzles, mahjong, Chinese chess, and Go can help keep the mind active.Combining these with social activities, such as volunteering or attending interest classes to learn new things, can further strengthen cognitive health.   If you suspect you or an elderly family member may have dementia, seek medical evaluation as soon as possible. Family members should also keep a record of the symptoms to help doctors make an accurate diagnosis and plan daily care.   What tests can be done if dementia is suspected? Since many elderly people are reluctant to undergo medical tests, here’s a simple and non-invasive option: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/ariaewmh No blood sample is required — the test only takes about 15 minutes, costs HK$750, and can assess the risk of cognitive disorders with an accuracy of up to 94%.   For a more comprehensive package that includes stroke and eye health screening, you can choose the HK$1,350 option here:https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/ariafullop   References:  1. Taiwan Alzheimer's Disease Association: Understanding Dementia 2. World Health Organization: Dementia 3. Hong Kong Housing Society: CUHK Professor’s Brain-Boosting Tips to Help Prevent Cognitive Impairment 4. Dartigues JF, Foubert-Samier A, Le Goff M, et al. Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study 5. Cecilia Bahou, Medical News Today : How long does dementia last? Duration and life expectancy

People often say, “It’s normal for the elderly to be forgetful.” But does forgetfulness really mean someone has dementia? Let’s take a closer look.   What’s the difference between normal aging and dementia? First, it’s important to understand why older adults may become forgetful. Forgetfulness (decline in memory) is often caused by normal aging, stress, lack of sleep, side effects of medication, or other reversible conditions. Dementia, however, is not just forgetfulness—it refers to a broader decline in cognitive abilities caused by brain degeneration. Many people mistakenly assume forgetfulness equals dementia and therefore don’t seek medical help in time.   According to the Hong Kong Alzheimer’s Disease Association, the behaviors of older adults experiencing normal aging and those with dementia are quite different: Memory differences Normal aging: Occasionally forgets events but later recalls them; forgetfulness does not significantly affect daily life. Dementia: Frequently forgets recent events, repeatedly asks the same questions, forgets important life moments, and cannot recall them even when reminded—causing disruption to daily routines. Judgment and execution ability Normal aging: Slower in handling complex tasks but can still carry out everyday activities (like cooking) independently; may lose focus occasionally but can regain it. Dementia: Even simple decisions become difficult (e.g., unable to count money, forgetting steps), may get lost in familiar places, and need assistance with simple tasks. Emotional and personality changes Normal aging: May tire easily or feel low mood but is aware of their forgetfulness. Social interests remain unchanged and personality is mostly stable. Dementia: Becomes irritable or suspicious (e.g., accuses others of stealing), loses interest in previously enjoyed activities, becomes apathetic or withdrawn—changes that family members can easily notice. Language and orientation Normal aging: Occasionally forgets words but communication remains smooth; awareness of time and place is normal. Dementia: Has language difficulties, forgets the date, and becomes confused about seasons.   If family members are worried that an elderly person may not just be forgetful but actually showing signs of dementia, they should arrange a medical assessment as soon as possible. Keeping a record of observed behaviors can also help doctors conduct a more thorough evaluation. The Human Health Eshop offers an Early Alzheimer’s Screening that helps detect the condition in advance:https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/early_alzheimer_screening The early Alzheimer’s screening currently costs HK$880. Detecting it in its early stages allows treatment and lifestyle adjustments to slow disease progression—so don’t miss the golden window for intervention.   References:  Hong Kong Alzheimer’s Disease Association: What is Dementia? Jockey Club Centre for Positive Ageing : About Dementia