Human Health Holdings Limited

Maintaining a healthy body weight is one of the key indicators of a healthy lifestyle. The simplest reference standard is the Body Mass Index (BMI). A BMI above the normal range indicates being overweight, meaning the body has accumulated excess fat, which increases the risk of developing a variety of health problems such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, gout, fatty liver, kidney failure, heart disease, heart failure, stroke, joint degeneration, infertility, and certain cancers. Taking early action to manage obesity is essential for maintaining good health.   To calculate your BMI, use the calculator below:https://humanhealth.com.hk/en/healthinfo/category/bmi/   How overweight is “too overweight”? According to Asian body composition standards, a BMI of 23–25 is considered “overweight.” If you already have conditions such as fatty liver, diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia, weight control should begin immediately. When BMI exceeds 25, it falls into the “obese” category; if it goes above 27, it meets the clinical diagnosis of obesity, which requires early management. Delaying intervention not only harms health but can also make future treatment more difficult.   Is losing weight just about eating less and exercising more? Why use weight loss injections? Because every person’s body composition and causes of weight gain vary, weight management must be personalized. For some people, metabolic or hormonal factors may prevent them from reaching their target weight through diet and exercise alone. That’s why the first step in weight management should always be a comprehensive medical evaluation. A doctor can assess the severity and underlying causes of obesity, tailor a customized plan, and closely monitor progress to help you lose weight effectively and safely.With advances in modern medicine, weight loss injections have become one of the most revolutionary tools for weight management today.   Generation Injection frequency Main ingredient First generation Daily GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) Second generation Weekly GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) Third generation Weekly GLP-1 + GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)   Weight loss injection Q&A ❓ Q1: Are weight loss injections really effective? How many injections are needed?A1: According to clinical trial data from pharmaceutical companies, weight loss injections can effectively suppress appetite and reduce calorie intake. Most users see noticeable results within about three months. There is no fixed total number of injections — it depends on individual goals and progress. Consistent healthy eating and exercise remain important; if old habits return after stopping, weight may rebound.   Q2: Do weight loss injections have side effects?A2: Common side effects include dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. These symptoms usually improve as the body adjusts. It is generally recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase under medical supervision to minimize discomfort.   Q3: Who should avoid using weight loss injections?A3: They are not suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding women, anyone allergic to the ingredients, or people with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, pancreatitis, severe gastrointestinal disorders, or impaired kidney function.   Q4: How can I choose the most suitable type of weight loss injection?A4: The best approach is to consult a qualified doctor. Your doctor will recommend the most appropriate treatment plan based on your BMI, health conditions, medical history, weight-loss goals, preferred injection frequency, and budget.   The most important thing about using weight loss injections Always start with a professional medical evaluation. Your doctor will personalize a treatment plan based on your health, goals, and lifestyle. Under medical supervision — combined with your own effort — you can achieve safe and sustainable weight loss.   Summary: Three key elements of successful weight loss Professional medical guidance: Evaluation and continuous adjustment by your doctor. Lifestyle cooperation: Healthy diet and exercise habits to maximize results and prevent rebound. Ongoing monitoring: Track your weight, side effects, and overall health; schedule regular follow-up visits.   If you’re struggling with weight issues and want to learn more about weight management or the latest generation of weight loss injection treatments, we’re here to help. You’re welcome to book a professional consultation so we can design a personalized weight loss plan tailored just for you!   Book now or contact us:WhatsApp 96695760 or call 2371 6400

Many people, when talking about "beauty," first think of skincare products, medical aesthetic treatments, or makeup techniques. But from a medical perspective, body weight and shape often reflect more truly whether a person is genuinely "taking good care of themselves" than any external pampering. When the body maintains a healthy, appropriate weight range, blood circulation is smooth, metabolism is stable, and skin tone, mental state, and overall posture naturally display freshness, vitality, and confidence—this kind of health glow radiating from within is the most lasting and natural beauty effect.   The so-called "ideal weight" is not about pursuing extreme slimness or a "paper-thin" figure, but a healthy range that fits your age, height, sex, and body fat ratio (for example, referencing the appropriate BMI interval of 18.5–23, adjusted according to age and personal conditions). Medical research shows that long-term overweight increases cardiovascular burden, affects blood sugar and blood lipid control, adds joint stress, and raises the risk of metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases; it also tends to cause water retention, fatigue, dull or oily skin issues. In contrast, maintaining an ideal weight helps improve blood circulation, reduce inflammation, making skin more likely to appear naturally rosy, with clearer and more defined contours, and even helps reduce obesity-related skin problems.   If simply starting from a "weight loss" mindset, it often brings stress and rebound risks; medically, it's better to shift focus to "helping the body return to a healthy balanced state," achieved through sustainable lifestyle adjustments:Increase daily walking volume (e.g., a few thousand more steps, less elevator use) to boost cardiopulmonary function and blood circulation, improving dull or sallow complexion issues.Increase vegetable proportion per meal, reduce fried and highly processed foods, helping gradually shrink abdominal fat while stabilizing skin oiliness and reducing acne or inflammatory reactions.Build regular routines and go to bed earlier, cut down late nights, aiding hormonal balance, lowering stress index, thereby reducing water retention and emotional eating impulses.   Maintaining an ideal weight has never been just a numerical pursuit, but a long-term responsible attitude toward the body. As you gradually build balanced diet, moderate exercise, and good lifestyle habits, not only can you improve health indicators (like blood pressure, blood sugar, blood lipids), but also achieve more stable skin condition, brighter complexion, and more vibrant outward presence.   When it comes to weight loss, if obesity is relatively severe, current latest medical technology can consider using weight-loss injections, but they must be used under doctor's guidance. If you have overweight issues and want to try weight-loss injections to improve health, it's recommended to first consult a professional doctor, get assessed, and then decide. Weight management is a long-term matter, safety is most important!   If you have any weight management-related questions or want to book related medical guidance, feel free to WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call the hotline 2371 6400 for inquiries.

The so-called “weight-loss injections” or “weight-loss pens” currently on the market mainly refer to GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as Saxenda, Ozempic, Wegovy, or Mounjaro, etc.). These medications were originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes, but have gained popularity in recent years due to their significant weight loss effects.   Because weight-loss pens are injectable medications intended for self-administration, many people mistakenly believe they can inject themselves without medical supervision. However, using them without a doctor’s assessment and guidance poses considerable risks. In Hong Kong, these are prescription-only drugs (Class I dangerous drugs). They can only be legally obtained and used with a doctor’s prescription and supervision. Purchasing, possessing, or using them without a valid prescription is illegal. The Department of Health has repeatedly warned the public not to buy such products online or through unregulated channels, as they may be counterfeit, substandard, or improperly stored.   Below is a comparison between “getting a weight-loss injection from a doctor (with medical guidance)” and “self-injecting (after illegal purchase).”   Category Doctor-administered (under medical supervision) Self-injected (illegally purchased online or as parallel import) Legality Entirely legal. The doctor prescribes and monitors usage. Illegal! Under the Hong Kong Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, purchase/possession/use without a prescription is prohibited, punishable by a fine up to HKD 100,000 and imprisonment up to 2 years. Source of medication Genuine manufacturer’s products (e.g., Novo Nordisk or Eli Lilly), stored and transported under strict temperature control. Possible parallel imports, counterfeit, or expired products. Improper storage (no cold chain) may render them ineffective or unsafe. Dosage and treatment plan Doctor tailors the dosage and escalation plan based on BMI, health condition, and lab results, starting low to minimize side effects. Self-decided dosage, easily overdosed or underdosed without professional adjustment, increasing risk. Safety and monitoring Doctor screens for contraindications (e.g., family history of thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, severe kidney disease, pregnancy) and monitors liver/kidney function and blood sugar regularly. No professional screening, may overlook contraindications; side effects may be ignored or mismanaged (e.g., severe nausea, pancreatitis, hypoglycemia). Side effect management Doctor teaches proper injection technique and methods to manage GI discomfort (e.g., dosage adjustment, diet modification). Prompt medical help available if problems occur. Common GI side effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation) often unmanaged. Severe cases may lead to pancreatitis, gallbladder issues, or thyroid tumor risks. Effectiveness and long-term management Combined with diet and exercise, results are more stable. Doctor monitors progress and prevents rebound weight gain after stopping. High chance of rebound weight gain (due to appetite return). Without lifestyle guidance, results are short-lived. Cost Higher (each pen costs several thousand HKD, self-paid), but includes doctor consultations and follow-ups. Appears cheaper (online prices often half of retail), but risks of counterfeit or degraded drugs make long-term costs higher. Overall risk Low (under doctor’s supervision). High (risk of fake drugs, wrong dosage, unmanaged complications, and legal consequences).     Why professional supervision matters   From the comparison, it’s clear why medical supervision is strongly recommended. You should first consult a general practitioner or endocrinologist for an assessment (including blood tests, BMI measurement, and medical history review). The doctor will determine if you’re suitable for the medication and teach proper subcutaneous injection techniques. Nowadays, most weight-loss injections are pre-filled pens, making home administration simple—but remember: the medication must still be prescribed by a doctor, and regular follow-ups are essential. When used under proper medical monitoring along with a balanced low-calorie diet and regular exercise, many people can safely achieve 5–20% weight loss, depending on the medication and individual factors, while also improving blood glucose, cholesterol, and cardiovascular health.   Never buy these medications online or from unauthorized sources—they may be counterfeit or parallel imports, and there have been multiple prosecutions in Hong Kong for illegal sales. Also, keep in mind that weight-loss injections are not magic bullets; best results come from pairing them with healthy eating, regular exercise, and long-term lifestyle changes. Otherwise, regaining weight after stopping the medication is very common—even exceeding previous levels.   If you are struggling with excess weight and considering weight-loss injections for health improvement, it’s best to consult a qualified doctor first and decide after a proper evaluation. Weight management is a long-term journey, and safety should always come first.   For any inquiries or to book a professional consultation, please WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call 2371 6400.

Hong Kong's weight loss injection craze has swept the scene in recent years, with GLP-1 class injectable drugs becoming a popular choice for busy professionals and those with stubborn obesity. These medications achieve non-surgical weight loss by suppressing appetite and stabilizing blood sugar, though they come at a hefty price and require strict medical supervision.   Popular Weight Loss Injection Comparison Feature Saxenda Mounjaro Ozempic Wegovy Active Ingredient ​ Liraglutide Tirzepatide Semaglutide Semaglutide  Injection Frequency​ Once daily Once weekly Once weekly Once weekly Average Weight Loss Effec​ 5-10% 15-20% 10-15% 12-17% Weight Loss Mechanism​ Single GLP-1: appetite suppression + delayed gastric emptying Dual GLP-1+GIP: potent blood sugar control + fat reduction Long-acting GLP-1: excellent glycemic control Higher-dose GLP-1: targets severe obesity     Overall, these four weight loss injections each have strengths and limitations—it's not about picking "the strongest one for you," but selecting the best option based on BMI, presence of diabetes or cardiovascular risks, preferred injection frequency, and budget, all under a doctor's tailored guidance. As prescription drugs, they carry potential risks like gastrointestinal upset, pancreatitis, and gallbladder issues, so comprehensive health checks and professional evaluation are essential before starting, with regular follow-ups to monitor key indicators during use. Pairing them with healthy diet, regular exercise, and sleep management—treating the injections as a supportive tool rather than sole reliance—ensures safe, sustainable weight loss while genuinely enhancing metabolic health and quality of life.   If you have any questions about weight loss injections or would like to make an appointment, feel free to WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call 2371 6400.​

Over 25% of Hong Kong adults suffer from fatty liver, with around 60% linked to obesity! The latest weight loss injections (GLP-1 class drugs) offer major hope for fatty liver patients—not just powerful weight reduction, but directly burning away liver fat, bringing long-elusive relief to thickened livers.   Weight Loss Injections' Triple Attack on Fatty Liver 1st Strike: Powerful Weight Loss Saves the Liver These injections suppress brain hunger signals and slow gastric emptying, automatically cutting daily calorie intake by 20-30%. For every 5-10% body weight lost, liver fat drops 30-50%, especially targeting the most dangerous abdominal visceral fat! ​ 2nd Strike: Direct Liver Metabolism Overhaul They boost liver cell fat breakdown (fatty acid oxidation), reduce the liver's own sugar production, and improve insulin sensitivity—clearing fat buildup from the inside out. ​ 3rd Strike: Cardiovascular Double Protection They simultaneously improve blood lipids (triglycerides drop ~20%), reduce vascular inflammation, and help prevent strokes and heart disease—one injection tackling liver + heart health! ​ Who Benefits Most from Weight Loss Injections for Fatty Liver? Suitable Groups: BMI ≥27 + fatty liver (even with normal liver enzymes) Waist circumference: men >90cm / women >80cm (visceral fat type) Metabolic issues (any 2 of: high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol) Tried countless methods but can't lose weight ​ 3 Key Precautions Before Use Contraindications: Family history of thyroid cancer, severe kidney/liver disease, pregnant​Hong Kong Regulations: Class 1 dangerous drugs—online purchase without doctor's prescription is illegal!​Essential Monitoring: Liver function tests + ultrasound every 3 month ​ Weight loss injections aren't a "quick-fix miracle" for fatty liver, but combined with diet and exercise, they represent Hong Kong liver patients' biggest breakthrough in a decade! Liver health starts changing today!   If you have any questions about weight loss injections or would like to make an appointment, feel free to WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call 2371 6400.

Before undergoing weight-loss injections, a comprehensive assessment of individual health conditions and long-term effects is essential to avoid serious adverse consequences due to immediate results.   Suitable Individuals and Contraindications Weight-loss injections are not suitable for everyone. They are absolutely contraindicated for individuals with gastrointestinal ulcers, kidney failure, a history of pancreatitis, or a family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Pregnant women, women planning pregnancy, and breastfeeding women are prohibited from using them.   Those with a BMI below 27 and no comorbidities have limited effectiveness and higher risks. Individuals over 65 years of age, and those with heart disease or severe liver disease require special medical permission. All users must undergo blood tests for evaluation beforehand.   BMI Calculator: https://humanhealth.com.hk/en/healthinfo/category/bmi/   Strict Legal Regulation in Hong Kong Weight-loss injections are classified as Class 1 dangerous drugs in Hong Kong. Purchasing, possessing, or selling them without a doctor's prescription violates the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, with a maximum fine of HK$100,000 and imprisonment for 2 years for both the buyer and seller.   The prevalence of counterfeit drugs online poses serious safety risks. Drugs without Hong Kong drug registration numbers, or of unknown origin are subject to serious safety hazards. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have reported these issues to the Department of Health and Customs. Prescriptions from licensed doctors are mandatory.   Serious Side Effects and Sequelae Gastrointestinal Reactions: Approximately 40% of users experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation initially.Nervous System: Dizziness and fatigue are common.Hypoglycemia: Occurs in approximately 23% of diabetic patients, accompanied by sweating and palpitations.Injection Site: Local redness, swelling, itching, or mild pain.Relief Methods: Most symptoms subside within several weeks. Start with a low dose, eat small, frequent meals, and maintain a bland diet.   Serious Side Effects and Sequelae Acute Pancreatitis: Severe abdominal pain and persistent vomiting, requiring emergency treatment.Gallbladder Disease: Gallstone formation, right upper quadrant pain, and indigestion.Cardiocardiac Problems: Irregular heartbeat, palpitations, or abnormal blood pressure.Severe Allergic Reactions: Difficulty breathing, Facial swelling, generalized rash   Mood changes: Depression, anxiety, suicidal tendencies (reported rate 1-5%) Long-term risks: Thyroid C-cell tumor: Warning in animal studies, indicated by a black border on the packaging Deteriorating kidney function: Increased renal burden for long-term users Recurrence of pancreatitis: Increased risk of recurrent attacks Weight rebound: Rapid return to original weight within months of discontinuation Nutritional imbalance: Appetite suppression leading to vitamin and mineral deficiencies   Pre- and post-use management Before use: Check liver and kidney function and baseline blood glucose; learn proper injection and storage ; record weight weekly, follow up monthly for blood indicators; consider discontinuing medication if weight loss is less than 5% within 3 months. After discontinuation: Maintain a low-calorie diet, 150 minutes of exercise per week to prevent rebound, and have regular checkups to monitor endocrine changes. Long-term health management is better than short-term injection dependence.   If you have any questions about weight loss injections or would like to make an appointment, feel free to WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call 2371 6400.​

Weight-loss injections are a type of prescription weight-loss medication administered subcutaneously. They mimic gut hormones to help control weight. In recent years, they have gained widespread discussion in Hong Kong due to their popularity in South Korea, but their use requires caution and medical supervision.   The Origin and Background of Weight-Loss Injections Weight-loss injections did not initially appear for weight loss. They evolved from injectable medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. During research on gut hormones, the medical community discovered that certain substances, in addition to helping control blood sugar, also affect the appetite center in the brain, making the body feel full more easily. Subsequently, pharmaceutical companies improved upon these gut hormones to create more stable injectable formulations. These were first applied to diabetic patients, and many patients showed significant weight loss while controlling their blood sugar. This led to clinical studies specifically targeting weight management. Once research confirmed that these injections could help overweight or obese individuals lose weight under safety monitoring, some products were officially approved by international regulatory agencies for long-term weight management. In recent years, they have become widely known due to promotion in South Korea and on social media platforms.   Proper Usage Instructions Before use, a doctor must assess your health condition and BMI to prescribe the medication. Start with a low dose, once daily via subcutaneous injection, gradually increasing the dose weekly until a maintenance dose is reached. This allows the body to gradually adapt and reduces the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort. Injection time is flexible, not limited to morning or evening, and can be performed at any time. Recommended injection sites are areas with thicker subcutaneous fat, such as the abdomen around the navel, the outer front thigh, or the outer upper arm. Avoid areas with thin skin, such as the cheeks, chin, or wrists. Each pen can be used over several days; always use a new needle and rotate injection sites each time to prevent infection.   Regular monitoring of blood sugar, weight, and side effects is necessary throughout the treatment. A low-calorie, balanced diet and moderate exercise are essential for optimal results. After discontinuing the medication, maintain healthy habits to prevent weight rebound. In Hong Kong, all weight-loss injections are classified as Category 1 dangerous drugs. Purchasing or possessing them without a doctor's prescription is a violation of the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, punishable by a fine of HK$100,000 and imprisonment for up to 2 years. Always use these medications through legitimate medical channels.   If you have any questions about weight loss injections or would like to make an appointment, feel free to WhatsApp 9669 5760 or call 2371 6400.​

At present, there are many types of cancer screening methods—from traditional imaging and tumor marker blood tests to the more recent “liquid biopsy” technologies. Each method has its own uses and limitations. To choose the most suitable screening option, it’s important to first understand their principles, accuracy, and target users. What are the common cancer screening methods?   Tumor Markers (Cancer Marker / Tumor Marker)Doctors often use blood tests to evaluate tumor markers, which help assess cancer risk, monitor treatment responses, or detect recurrence. These markers are specific substances found in blood or body fluids that can be produced by cancer cells or the body’s response to tumors—for example, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).However, tumor markers can be affected by other factors such as inflammation, disease, or lifestyle, leading to false-positive or false-negative results. Therefore, marker levels alone are not sufficient for diagnosis and are mainly used as preliminary screening and monitoring tools.   Imaging Tests (X-ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET-CT)These are traditional yet essential diagnostic methods that visualize tumor size and location inside the body. Different types of imaging are suited for different organs and conditions: X-ray, Ultrasound: Common for preliminary checks of the chest, abdomen, and breasts. CT, MRI: Provide detailed cross-sectional images for further tumor evaluation. PET-CT: Uses radioactive tracers to show tumor activity, often used for staging and assessing metastasis.Do note that imaging tests typically require a tumor to reach about 0.5–1 cm for reliable detection. Smaller tumors may be missed, and some tests involve radiation exposure or higher costs.   Blood Tests (cfDNA/ctDNA, microRNA, CancerSEEK)“Liquid biopsy” analyzes substances released by tumors into the blood. ctDNA focuses on fragments of tumor DNA; mRNA tracks gene expression signals; CancerSEEK combines genetic mutations and protein markers.In research, CancerSEEK has shown about 70% sensitivity and 99% specificity for eight types of cancer. These advanced tests are mainly for high-risk screening and research, with real-world clinical use still evolving. Is ctDNA screening more suitable for me? ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA) testing uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) and AI analysis to detect DNA fragments with as little as 0.25% mutation signals. Accuracy ranges from 92–99%, excelling in monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) and predicting recurrence.   Who may benefit from ctDNA screening? Individuals with family or genetic cancer risk Those seeking highly specific early detection Post-surgery patients monitoring for recurrence (under medical consultation) People wishing to reduce frequent radiation exposure   What are the advantages of ctDNA testing?  Requires only a small blood sample; non-invasive and simple Detects ultra-early signals (up to 3–5 years earlier), covering 38+ types of male cancers and 42+ types of female cancers (including lung, colon, breast, liver, and prostate) High accuracy and specificity, with AI-assisted analysis supporting precision treatment Suitable for multi-cancer risk assessment and can complement other screening methods   What cancers are detectable by ctDNA:Breast, stomach, nasopharyngeal, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, head and neck, liver, and cervical cancers, among others (for example, SPOT-MAS can detect up to 10 cancer types).mRNA testing can act as a complementary tool, targeting tumors as small as 0.2 cm, providing enhanced accuracy when used together with ctDNA screening. Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All programs can be purchased through the Human Health eShop.For inquiries, please call the service hotline at 2397 2111.   Although ctDNA testing is more expensive than traditional tumor marker tests, it remains moderately priced compared with multiple high-end imaging procedures. It stands out as a high-precision screening option offering an additional “blood test for cancer detection” method, capable of identifying early cancer risk and guiding timely medical follow-up and treatment—particularly valuable for high-risk individuals. If in doubt, it is recommended to consult your doctor before making a decision.

A tumor marker is not a “cancer diagnosis certificate.” It refers to specific proteins or substances found in the blood or body fluids that often appear elevated in cancer patients. These markers help doctors suspect, monitor, or track the progression of cancer.   What does a high value mean? These markers are actually molecules that normal cells also produce, but cancer cells may release them in greater quantities or in abnormal forms. When the value rises above the normal range, it acts like a red flag—signaling that further investigation may be needed. If your tumor marker level is high, don’t panic—several non-cancerous conditions can cause mild to moderate increases, such as: Inflammation (hepatitis, gastritis, pneumonia) Benign growths (liver cirrhosis, uterine fibroids, prostate enlargement) Pregnancy Smoking On the other hand, some early-stage cancers or certain tumor types may not cause tumor marker elevation. For example, many patients with early breast or ovarian cancer still have normal CA125 or CA15-3 readings.   What can tumor markers reflect? Tumor markers can serve multiple purposes beyond aiding diagnosis: Diagnostic aid: Elevated values suggest possible malignancy; combined with imaging, they improve accuracy (e.g., high AFP may indicate liver cancer). Cancer staging and metastasis risk: Higher concentrations often correlate with tumor burden, which may indicate advanced disease or metastasis risk. Treatment monitoring: A decreasing marker value indicates treatment effectiveness—for instance, a 50% drop in CEA suggests successful chemotherapy. Predicting drug response: Genetic markers (like EGFR mutations) can anticipate targeted therapy effectiveness; high PD-L1 levels suggest suitability for immunotherapy. Early screening: Certain markers (like PSA for prostate cancer) help screen high-risk groups, though sensitivity is limited and should not be used alone.   Which tumor markers should I check? Marker Common related cancers AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Liver cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) Colorectal, rectal, gastric, lung, and breast cancers CA125 Ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers CA15-3 / CA27.29 Breast cancer (especially metastatic) CA19-9 Pancreatic, biliary tract, colorectal, gastric cancers PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) Prostate cancer CYFRA 21-1 / NSE Lung cancer (especially squamous cell and small cell types) SCC-Ag (Squamous cell carcinoma antigen) Cervical, head and neck, esophageal, and squamous lung cancers     Each cancer type has its corresponding markers, but it’s important to remember that tumor markers are only supplementary tools.They cannot confirm or rule out cancer by themselves. Doctors typically rely on imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound) and tissue biopsy (pathology) for definitive diagnosis.Even if your marker levels are normal, it’s still essential to undergo regular screenings, such as colonoscopy, mammogram, and Pap smear, to help with early cancer prevention.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All programs can be purchased through the Human Health eShop.For inquiries, please call the service hotline at 2397 2111.

Don’t panic if your tumor marker result is abnormal! An abnormal tumor marker reading doesn’t necessarily mean you have cancer. Tumor markers only indicate the risk of cancer—it cannot confirm a diagnosis on its own.   What are tumor markers? Tumor markers are proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer.Common examples include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for liver cancer, cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) for pancreatic cancer, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer. Doctors check these marker levels through a simple blood test. If the levels exceed the normal reference range, it may suggest a higher cancer risk—but it cannot independently confirm cancer.   Common tumor markers and related cancers AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein): Liver cancer, testicular cancer CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen): Colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer PSA (Prostate-specific antigen): Prostate cancer CA125: Ovarian cancer, breast cancer CA19-9: Pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer CA15-3: Breast cancer CYFRA 21-1 / NSE: Different types of lung cancer SCC (Squamous cell carcinoma antigen): Head and neck cancer, cervical cancer   Do I need a tumor marker test? It is generally recommended for: Individuals over 40 Those with a family history of cancer High-risk groups, such as smokers The test helps assess cancer risk, monitor treatment effectiveness, and track recurrence.However, keep in mind: False positives may occur due to inflammation or benign conditions. False negatives may occur if the cancer is still in its early stage.Because of this, tumor marker results should be interpreted together with imaging scans or genetic tests for a more accurate assessment. There are many health screening programs that include selected tumor marker panels as additional risk assessments for healthy individuals.If you’re unsure which markers are most relevant to your personal health risks, consult your doctor for recommendations.   Cancer risk assessment programs available at Human Health eShop   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop.If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

Many people talk about doing ctDNA, which actually uses ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA) detection technology to analyze tumor DNA fragments in the blood, serving as a method for early or ultra-early cancer screening. Thus, ctDNA is no longer just a laboratory tool but has become a powerful weapon in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. This test only requires drawing a few milliliters of blood to detect traces of tumor DNA released into the bloodstream, regarded as a "liquid biopsy." In recent years, it has become increasingly recommended in private medical centers, especially suitable for regular health tracking under Hong Kong's high-pressure lifestyle.   Where does ctDNA screening excel? Here are 3 major advantages! High SensitivityStudies show that ctDNA can detect extremely low concentrations of tumor DNA, with sensitivity up to 99.8%, enabling earlier detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) than traditional imaging, with low risks of false positives and missed diagnoses. Low Invasiveness, No RadiationIt only requires a single venous blood draw, without surgery or radiation exposure, making it ideal for high-risk groups to regularly monitor treatment effects or recurrence risks, with a comfortable and quick process. Broad Application, Suitable for Multiple CancersApplicable to solid tumors like breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer for screening and personalized treatment guidance, it comprehensively reflects tumor heterogeneity, more precise than single tumor markers. Why has ctDNA suddenly become mainstream? Mature Liquid Biopsy TechnologyRecent advances in ctDNA NGS (next-generation sequencing) have allowed blood tests to replace some tissue biopsies. Post-pandemic, acceptance of biotech has risen, with widespread medical adoption in precision medicine. Complement to Traditional MethodsPreviously reliant on tumor markers like CEA and AFP, which are easily affected by inflammation, and CT/MRI struggling with early small tumors; ctDNA provides complementary high precision, more reliably predicts recurrence, and reduces unnecessary treatments. Especially Suitable for High-Risk GroupsFor those with cancer family history, advanced age, smoking, obesity, or long-term pollutant exposure, Hong Kong doctors often recommend including it in checkups, particularly practical in liver cancer high-incidence areas. ctDNA vs mRNA: Which is Better for Cancer Screening?While mRNA tests focus on analyzing messenger RNA expression patterns from blood cells to identify potential cancer signals through gene activity profiles, ctDNA directly detects actual tumor-derived DNA fragments circulating in the bloodstream, offering superior specificity for solid tumor monitoring and earlier recurrence prediction. ctDNA excels in real-time tracking of treatment response and minimal residual disease with higher sensitivity (up to 99.8%), whereas mRNA may be more prone to non-specific signals from inflammation or other conditions. For comprehensive cancer risk assessment, especially in high-risk individuals, ctDNA is strongly recommended as the more precise, actionable "liquid biopsy" tool—making it the preferred choice over mRNA for proactive health management.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All programs can be purchased through the Human Health eShop.For inquiries, please call the service hotline at 2397 2111.

There are many types of cancer screening methods available — but what exactly sets them apart? Can any test tell you with 100% certainty whether you have cancer?Let’s take a closer look at two major types of blood-based cancer screening: Cancer Marker Tests, mRNA and ctDNA Testing. The first helps with preliminary risk assessment, while the second focuses on ultra-early detection.They differ in principle, accuracy, and target users — and combining both can improve overall screening results.   What is a cancer marker test? A cancer marker test measures the concentration of specific proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or the body’s response to them — for example: AFP (liver cancer) CEA (colorectal cancer) CA125 (ovarian cancer) These tests are mainly used for preliminary risk assessment, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting recurrence.However, the results can easily be affected by inflammation, smoking, or other health conditions, leading to false positives or false negatives. Their sensitivity is limited — in early-stage cancer, only about 5–30% of cases show elevated levels.   What is ctDNA Testing? ctDNA testing uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) and AI to analyze tumor DNA fragments in the blood, detecting mutation signals as low as 0.25%. This makes it suitable for early screening and MRD (minimal residual disease) monitoring, with accuracy of 92-99%, and generally stronger than mRNA for recurrence monitoring and precision therapy.   What cancers can mRNA /ctDNA testing detect? mRNA testing enables earlier detection than cancer markers, screening for cancers like lung, liver, stomach, pancreatic, colorectal, nasopharyngeal, and breast cancer, with benefits of no radiation and non-invasiveness. ctDNA offers non-invasive testing, detecting even more cancer types than mRNA, aided by AI for the highest specificity among the three methods. Thus, mRNA/ctDNA testing outperforms traditional imaging (like CT, which needs 1cm+ tumors) for ultra-early screening.   A quick comparison at a glance Feature Cancer Marker mRNA Testing ctDNA Testing Principle Measures protein/antigen levels Detects tumor mRNA gene signals Analyzes ctDNA mutations & fragments Accuracy Limited; prone to false positives/negatives 93–97% sensitivity, highly accurate 92-99%, high specificity  Detection limit Later stage, tumors ≥1 cm Ultra-early, tumors ≥0.2 cm Early signals, 3-5 years ahead ​ Advantages Affordable, widely used for monitoring No radiation, detects multiple cancers Non-invasive, detects more cancers than mRNA Limitations Higher false positive rate, not diagnostic More expensive, supplementary use only More expensive   Due to their different technologies, the three methods complement each other for those in need.   Who should take which test? Cancer marker test: Recommended for adults over 40, individuals with a family history of cancer or chronic conditions, and existing cancer patients for tracking trends. Suggested 1–2 times per year. mRNA/ ctDNA test: Ideal for high-risk individuals (e.g., smokers, drinkers, those with family cancer history) or health-conscious individuals for annual screening, as well as postoperative monitoring. Suggested every 6–12 months. Healthy people without symptoms: Start with cancer marker testing. If results appear abnormal, follow up with other screenings. If you have any concerns, consult your doctor. Abnormal results usually require further imaging or clinical assessment, as no single test alone can confirm a cancer diagnosis.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

mRNA testing is a blood-based diagnostic technology that analyzes tumor-associated mRNA molecular markers in the bloodstream. It is used for ultra-early screening to detect whether tumor cell activity has occurred in the body. The test requires only a small amount of blood and involves no invasive procedure or radiation. Its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity can reach approximately 93–97%. Key Features of mRNA Testing: Precise and efficient: Multi-marker analysis captures tumors as small as 0.2 cm. Safe and convenient: Zero radiation, minimal blood draw, can be done anytime. Practical and flexible: Suitable for both screening and follow-up monitoring. mRNA testing was developed by EpiGolden Biotech and has obtained patents in several countries (including Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and China). Although not yet FDA-certified, it has been widely adopted in clinical practice—similar to many common biomarker tests—and is safe and reliable for the public.   From DNA to mRNA – What’s the Connection? Everyone’s DNA reflects their constitution and potential health risks. Traditional DNA testing indicates the probability of developing certain diseases in the future but doesn’t show one’s current health status. A high genetic risk does not necessarily mean one will develop cancer, and a low risk does not mean zero chance. The key lies in long-term risk management and regular monitoring. Tumor marker tests (cancer markers) measure specific proteins secreted by tumors via blood sampling to help assess cancer risk, monitor treatment effectiveness, or detect recurrence. However, these proteins can be affected by inflammation, other diseases, or lifestyle factors, leading to potential false positives or false negatives. Therefore, cancer marker levels alone are insufficient for diagnosis and are mainly used for preliminary screening and follow-up. mRNA testing, by contrast, focuses on gene activity. When cells are active—such as during tumor growth—specific mRNA molecules surge in number. By analyzing mRNA markers associated with disease and tracking their dynamic changes, mRNA testing can directly reflect whether abnormal tumor cell activity is occurring in the body. The process only requires a small sample of venous blood. By analyzing multiple cancer-related mRNA markers, it assesses the number and activity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). As a simple blood test, it requires no invasive surgery or high-dose radiation. Using multiple markers at once allows mRNA testing to capture core tumor signals more precisely, reducing false results and functioning as a reliable early warning system.   In the field of early cancer screening, in addition to mRNA testing, a breakthrough technology known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing has also emerged. ctDNA refers to DNA fragments released into the bloodstream by tumor cells during metabolism, growth, or apoptosis (cell death). These DNA fragments carry tumor-specific genetic features—such as mutations, methylation changes, or copy number variations—that directly reflect molecular-level information about the tumor.   Compared with mRNA testing, ctDNA has several key advantages: Greater stability: DNA is more stable and less prone to degradation than mRNA, allowing tumor genetic information to be preserved more accurately and reducing errors during sample handling. Clearer genetic indicators: ctDNA can directly reveal mutations, rearrangements, or methylation patterns linked to cancer, helping identify cancer types, predict treatment response, and monitor recurrence. Higher sensitivity: Advanced digital PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can detect minute traces of tumor DNA in the blood, outperforming traditional protein-based markers. Broader clinical applications: Beyond early screening, ctDNA testing is widely used in treatment monitoring, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and personalized cancer therapy. In summary, mRNA testing focuses on the dynamic activity of tumor cells—making it excellent for early detection—while ctDNA testing provides molecular-level insights into genetic mutations with superior stability and precision. When used together, they offer comprehensive cancer management—from early risk detection to continuous disease monitoring.   How Can It Tell What Type of Tumor It Is?Tumor cells from different organs carry distinct sets of mRNA molecular markers when entering the bloodstream. Chip-based technologies can identify these unique signatures to locate the potential origin—such as the lung or liver—guiding doctors for targeted follow-up examinations.   Does an Abnormal Result Mean I Have Cancer?If the report shows mild abnormalities, you can start by improving your lifestyle and retest after about two months.If results return to normal, you may resume regular checkup intervals; if the levels continue to rise, please consult your doctor as soon as possible. The numerical values themselves have no absolute meaning, so if you have any doubts, seek professional medical advice and avoid unnecessary anxiety.   Who Should Take mRNA or ctDNA Tests? Healthy individuals: Once a year High-risk individuals (family history or environmental exposure): Every six months Patients during or after treatment: One week after surgery or ten days after chemotherapy, with continued monitoring every six months   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

Aside from memory loss, dementia patients often experience mood swings, such as depression or irritability. As caregivers, how can we better take care of them? Caregivers should prioritize “safety first, patient communication, and maintaining dignity,” while also remembering to look after their own emotional well-being. Support can begin with improvements in daily safety, communication and emotional care, and brain health and overall wellness management.   1. Daily safety Install gas sensors, non-slip mats, night lights, and door alarms at home to prevent wandering or falls. Store dangerous items such as cleaning agents and flammable materials safely out of reach. Ensure the patient wears an ID tag or a smartwatch with location tracking containing family contact numbers and addresses to reduce the risk of getting lost.   2. Communication and emotional care Avoid blame-based language like “You forgot again” or “I just told you that.” Instead, say things such as “Let’s think about it together.” Many patients are aware of their memory decline—criticism can make them feel “useless” and heighten frustration, anxiety, and withdrawal. Encouraging cooperation and emphasizing solutions helps preserve their self-esteem and dignity. When patients become agitated, try soothing activities such as listening to music or taking a walk. Encourage participation in community center activities or hobby classes to reduce loneliness and improve mood.   3. Brain care and daily exercise Take patients outdoors for a 30-minute daily walk, or encourage them to play mahjong or board games, listen to music, or read—activities that stimulate the brain and help slow cognitive decline. Remind patients to attend regular check-ups and take medication on time. Maintain a balanced diet with more fruits and vegetables, and less sugar and salt.   Caregivers often face financial and emotional stress, so their own mental health is equally important. Consider rotating caregiving duties among family members, or making use of community resources, such as elderly day respite services offered by the Social Welfare Department. If a caregiver feels overwhelmed or depressed, it’s advisable to seek medical advice and consult a psychiatrist as soon as possible. For inquiries, contact us via WhatsApp at 5223 7997, or click the link below: https://wa.me/85252237997   References:  alzheimers.gov – Tips for Caregivers and Families of People With Dementia Social Welfare Department – Day Care Services for the Elderly

Is Alzheimer’s disease caused by aging? No. Alzheimer’s disease is not simply caused by aging. While age is the greatest risk factor, Alzheimer’s is actually a specific brain disorder—distinct from normal aging. The true cause lies in brain degeneration, triggered by the formation of abnormal amyloid plaques and tangled nerve fibers (tau protein tangles) in the brain. Amyloid plaques accumulate between brain cells, disrupting neural communication and causing inflammation, which damages surrounding neurons. Meanwhile, tau tangles destroy the microtubule structure inside neurons, blocking nutrient transport, leading to cellular collapse and death.   Are the “Three Highs” (high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and high cholesterol) related to Alzheimer’s disease? Yes — the “Three Highs” do increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.Studies show that people with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s. Hypertension in particular can damage cerebral blood vessels, reduce brain blood flow, and cause microinfarctions and white matter lesions, which over time impair memory and thinking functions. Moreover, high blood sugar and insulin resistance can trigger chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular injury in the brain. Thus, metabolic conditions like the “Three Highs” are indeed key risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Other lifestyle factors—such as obesity, unhealthy diets (high in oil, salt, and sugar), mental inactivity, and lack of exercise—can further increase the likelihood of developing the condition.   Want to prevent Alzheimer’s early? In addition to keeping your brain active, there are screening options available. Here are two recommended examinations: Early Alzheimer’s Screening – HK$880A simple blood test to detect biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and assess your risk level.Learn more here: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/early_alzheimer_screening “Three Highs” & Diabetes Comprehensive Check – Promotional price HK$330 with code HC330A complete blood test covering lipid levels, blood sugar, and urinary health to help you detect metabolic conditions early.Learn more here: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/easycheck   References:  Alzheimer Society of Canada: 13 Risk Factors of Dementia National Institutes of Health (NIH): Alzheimer’s Disease – A Brief Overview

People often say that playing mahjong can help prevent dementia — but is that really true? Let’s find out below!   Does dementia mean total memory loss once it starts? In fact, dementia progresses through different stages and can last up to 10 years from early to late stage. In the beginning, it mainly involves mild memory decline, but in later stages, it gradually affects daily functioning, and patients may eventually need full-time care.   Early-stage symptoms: Memory decline and hesitation in making decisions. Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Increased irritability or moodiness. Difficulty expressing oneself smoothly. Getting off at the wrong bus stop or getting lost in unfamiliar areas.   Middle-stage symptoms: Confusion or forgetting family members’ names; some may lose sense of time. Reading and communication abilities further decline. Getting lost even in familiar neighborhood areas. Possible incontinence or forgetting that they’ve already eaten. Some may experience delusions—most commonly believing someone has stolen their money.   Late-stage symptoms: Complete dependence on others for mobility and eating; near-total loss of self-care ability. Severe memory loss, possibly forgetting their own name.   How can you prevent yourself or elderly family members from developing dementia? And is playing mahjong truly effective? Mahjong is a mentally demanding game that requires memory, calculation, risk assessment, and observation of opponents’ reactions. These high-level cognitive tasks help stimulate brain activity, enhance memory, focus, and reasoning. Studies show that people who regularly play mahjong have a lower risk of dementia on average—but the results are even better when paired with regular physical exercise.   Besides mahjong, other key preventive methods include: Regular exercise:Aerobic activities and strength training such as brisk walking, jogging, or practicing tai chi can reduce the risk of falls and maintain brain health.Research suggests that people with “moderate or above” levels of physical activity have 20–30% lower risk of developing dementia compared to sedentary individuals. Brain training:Engaging in activities like reading, writing, crossword puzzles, jigsaw puzzles, mahjong, Chinese chess, and Go can help keep the mind active.Combining these with social activities, such as volunteering or attending interest classes to learn new things, can further strengthen cognitive health.   If you suspect you or an elderly family member may have dementia, seek medical evaluation as soon as possible. Family members should also keep a record of the symptoms to help doctors make an accurate diagnosis and plan daily care.   What tests can be done if dementia is suspected? Since many elderly people are reluctant to undergo medical tests, here’s a simple and non-invasive option: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/ariaewmh No blood sample is required — the test only takes about 15 minutes, costs HK$750, and can assess the risk of cognitive disorders with an accuracy of up to 94%.   For a more comprehensive package that includes stroke and eye health screening, you can choose the HK$1,350 option here:https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/ariafullop   References:  1. Taiwan Alzheimer's Disease Association: Understanding Dementia 2. World Health Organization: Dementia 3. Hong Kong Housing Society: CUHK Professor’s Brain-Boosting Tips to Help Prevent Cognitive Impairment 4. Dartigues JF, Foubert-Samier A, Le Goff M, et al. Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study 5. Cecilia Bahou, Medical News Today : How long does dementia last? Duration and life expectancy

People often say, “It’s normal for the elderly to be forgetful.” But does forgetfulness really mean someone has dementia? Let’s take a closer look.   What’s the difference between normal aging and dementia? First, it’s important to understand why older adults may become forgetful. Forgetfulness (decline in memory) is often caused by normal aging, stress, lack of sleep, side effects of medication, or other reversible conditions. Dementia, however, is not just forgetfulness—it refers to a broader decline in cognitive abilities caused by brain degeneration. Many people mistakenly assume forgetfulness equals dementia and therefore don’t seek medical help in time.   According to the Hong Kong Alzheimer’s Disease Association, the behaviors of older adults experiencing normal aging and those with dementia are quite different: Memory differences Normal aging: Occasionally forgets events but later recalls them; forgetfulness does not significantly affect daily life. Dementia: Frequently forgets recent events, repeatedly asks the same questions, forgets important life moments, and cannot recall them even when reminded—causing disruption to daily routines. Judgment and execution ability Normal aging: Slower in handling complex tasks but can still carry out everyday activities (like cooking) independently; may lose focus occasionally but can regain it. Dementia: Even simple decisions become difficult (e.g., unable to count money, forgetting steps), may get lost in familiar places, and need assistance with simple tasks. Emotional and personality changes Normal aging: May tire easily or feel low mood but is aware of their forgetfulness. Social interests remain unchanged and personality is mostly stable. Dementia: Becomes irritable or suspicious (e.g., accuses others of stealing), loses interest in previously enjoyed activities, becomes apathetic or withdrawn—changes that family members can easily notice. Language and orientation Normal aging: Occasionally forgets words but communication remains smooth; awareness of time and place is normal. Dementia: Has language difficulties, forgets the date, and becomes confused about seasons.   If family members are worried that an elderly person may not just be forgetful but actually showing signs of dementia, they should arrange a medical assessment as soon as possible. Keeping a record of observed behaviors can also help doctors conduct a more thorough evaluation. The Human Health Eshop offers an Early Alzheimer’s Screening that helps detect the condition in advance:https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/early_alzheimer_screening The early Alzheimer’s screening currently costs HK$880. Detecting it in its early stages allows treatment and lifestyle adjustments to slow disease progression—so don’t miss the golden window for intervention.   References:  Hong Kong Alzheimer’s Disease Association: What is Dementia? Jockey Club Centre for Positive Ageing : About Dementia

Medication-induced weight gain differs from typical obesity in key ways. Weight often rises noticeably within weeks to months, unlike past patterns, even without major changes in diet or exercise. It may include visible swelling (e.g., ankles, face, tight rings on fingers), and weight can partially reverse after stopping or adjusting the drug.   When to Suspect Medication as the Cause Suspect drugs if weight climbs soon after starting a new one, clothes feel tighter despite steady habits, or gain coincides with edema, increased appetite, or cravings for high-calorie foods.   Can You Stop Medications on Your Own? Never stop or reduce doses yourself, especially for cardiovascular, diabetes, psychiatric, epilepsy, or steroid drugs. Abrupt changes can worsen the original condition or pose life-threatening risks. Instead, discuss alternatives, lower doses, or other options with your doctor promptly.   Strategies to Minimize Medication-Related Weight Gain Diet tips: Watch portions: Keep favorite foods but serve smaller amounts. Prioritize high-fiber, high-protein, low-refined-sugar options for better fullness. Cut sugary drinks, alcohol, and salty/fatty snacks.   Activity tips: Aim for 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly (brisk walking, cycling, swimming). If fatigue hits, split into short sessions (e.g., 3x10-15 minutes daily). Lifestyle habits: Stick to consistent sleep schedules—poor sleep disrupts hunger hormones. Track weight and waist circumference regularly to catch changes early.   Medication side effects can harm treatment effectiveness and quality of life. If unexplained weight gain occurs, consult your doctor immediately for evaluation and adjustments to prevent health decline.

What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, impacting about 7-10% of women. ​ Why Does PCOS Often Lead to Obesity? Hormonal imbalance: Elevated male hormones (androgens) alter fat storage, causing fat to accumulate primarily in the abdomen. Blood sugar issues: Poor insulin response keeps blood sugar high, promoting more fat storage. Vicious cycle: Obesity worsens hormonal disruption, creating a loop of "more weight gain leads to poorer ovulation, and poor ovulation leads to more weight gain."Research shows about 70% of patients are overweight, especially with central "apple-shaped" obesity.   Unique Features of PCOS-Related Obesity Abdominal focus: Fat builds up mainly around the belly and waist, not hips or thighs. Hard to lose, easy to gain: Weight resists diet control; it rebounds quickly with any lapse. Accompanying symptoms: Infrequent or absent periods. Excess hair growth (face, chest, abdomen), acne. Hair thinning or oily scalp. Infertility or difficulty conceiving.​   How to Effectively Manage PCOS-Related Obesity Key to weight loss: Losing 5-8% of body weight improves ovulation in 70% of cases and boosts insulin sensitivity. Diet adjustments: Low-GI foods (brown rice, oats, beans, vegetables) to stabilize blood sugar. High protein (chicken breast, fish, eggs, tofu) for better satiety. Cut refined sugars and processed foods. Exercise plan: 150 minutes of cardio weekly (brisk walking, swimming). Strength training 2-3 times/week, focusing on core muscles. Medications: Doctors may prescribe metformin for insulin resistance or oral contraceptives for hormone regulation.   How to Prevent and Detect PCOS Early High-risk screening: Periods absent for 3 months. Post-puberty hirsutism, acne, or obesity. Stubborn abdominal fat plus family diabetes history. Regular checks: Ovarian ultrasound and blood tests for hormones and glucose.​   Weight Management Tips for Women with PCOS Avoid extreme dieting, which disrupts hormones and causes binge rebounds. Eat regularly: 3 main meals + 2 snacks to stabilize blood sugar and curb hunger. Get enough sleep, as poor sleep worsens insulin resistance.   PCOS can seriously impact women's weight and fertility. If you notice irregular periods or unexplained obesity, seek medical evaluation promptly for thorough assessment and early treatment to prevent long-term complications.

Depression and anxiety can significantly affect eating habits and lifestyle patterns, often leading to noticeable weight gain and creating a vicious cycle between mood and body weight.   Why Do Emotional Disorders Often Lead to Weight Gain? Emotional eating: During low moods, people tend to crave sweet, oily, or snack foods for temporary comfort. Impaired appetite regulation: The brain’s response to hunger and fullness weakens, making overeating more likely. Reduced activity: Low motivation and fatigue lead to less movement, exercise, and daily activity. Sleep problems: Both insomnia and oversleeping disrupt appetite hormones, increasing hunger and cravings.   How Does Emotion-Related Obesity Typically Present? Rapid weight gain: Significant increase over several weeks or months, unusual compared to past patterns. Food preference changes: Strong cravings for high-calorie “comfort foods” like chocolate, chips, or ice cream. Loss of control while eating: Feeling unable to stop eating despite knowing it’s unhealthy, often followed by guilt. Emotional symptoms: Persistent sadness, anxiety, insomnia, low self-esteem, and social withdrawal.   What Other Health Risks Are Involved? Vicious emotional cycle: Weight gain leads to lower self-esteem, which worsens mood and triggers more eating. Metabolic problems: Chronic stress disturbs blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure control. Physical discomfort: Persistent fatigue, muscle aches, and lowered immunity increasing illness risk. Long-term impact: Higher risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.   How to Effectively Manage Emotion-Related Obesity Professional evaluation: Psychiatrists may recommend antidepressant medication or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Emotional stabilization is key before sustainable weight loss. Dietary management: Eat regular meals to prevent emotional eating when hungry. Prepare healthy snacks—like nuts, fruits, or yogurt—instead of sugary or fatty foods. Increase intake of Omega-3 fatty acids (from salmon, flaxseeds, etc.) to support emotional stability. Gradual exercise: Start with 10–15 minutes of walking daily, increasing to 150 minutes per week. Choose enjoyable activities (such as yoga or dancing) to boost mood while burning calories.   How to Prevent Emotional Disorders from Causing Obesity Early warning signs: Persistent low mood lasting more than two weeks. Episodes of binge eating or withdrawing from social life. A sudden weight increase of 3–5 kg in a short period. Regular screening: Include mental health assessment in annual check-ups. Healthy habits: Ensure sufficient sleep, regular exercise, balanced diet, and positive social interaction.   Depression and anxiety can greatly affect weight control. If you experience ongoing low mood or unexplained weight gain, seek professional help early for assessment and treatment to protect both your mental and physical health.

What Is Hypothyroidism? Hypothyroidism (often called “underactive thyroid”) means the thyroid gland in the front of the neck produces insufficient thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones regulate how the body uses energy—they act like the body’s “accelerator pedal.” When levels are too low, metabolism slows down. The condition is more common in adult women, but it can affect people of any age or gender.   Why Does Hypothyroidism Lead to Weight Gain? Slower metabolism: The body burns calories more slowly. Even if you eat and exercise the same as before, fewer calories are used, leading to gradual weight gain. Fluid and salt retention: Low thyroid function makes the body more likely to retain water. Mild swelling may appear in the hands, feet, face, eyelids, or limbs. The extra weight isn’t just fat but also “water weight.” Fatigue and inactivity: Feeling tired, sleepy, or lazy reduces daily activity. Less movement means fewer calories burned, creating a vicious cycle of “the more tired you feel, the less active you are—and the more weight you gain.” Low body temperature and cold intolerance: Reduced thyroid hormones lower body temperature and heat production, decreasing fat-burning efficiency.   Besides Weight Gain, What Are Common Symptoms? Persistent fatigue, poor concentration, low mood. Feeling cold easily, cold hands and feet. Dry skin, hair loss, brittle nails. Constipation, poor appetite but weight still increasing. In women, heavier and irregular periods. Slow heartbeat, slow reaction, or hoarse voice.   How Is Hypothyroidism Diagnosed? Blood tests: Measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels. Antibody tests: To check for autoimmune causes such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid ultrasound: To evaluate gland size and structure.   Can Weight Gain from Hypothyroidism Be Reversed? In most cases, yes—with proper treatment and management: Medication: Daily thyroid hormone replacement prescribed by a doctor. Lifestyle adjustments: Once hormone levels stabilize, gradually increase light to moderate exercise (e.g., brisk walking, jogging, swimming) and adopt a low-fat, low-sugar diet. Stress management: Maintaining good emotional health helps balance the endocrine system.   Weight Management Tips for People with Hypothyroidism Do not stop medication or change dosage on your own. Follow your doctor’s instructions and attend regular check-ups. Aim for slow, steady weight loss—about 1–2 kg per month. Avoid taking thyroid-related supplements without medical advice. Consult your doctor or dietitian first. Inform your doctor about any other medications you are taking to avoid drug interactions.   Who Should Pay Special Attention to Thyroid Function and Weight Changes? Middle-aged or older women. Individuals with autoimmune conditions or a family history of thyroid disease. Women who have recently given birth, as postpartum thyroid changes are common. People who feel constantly tired and cannot explain sudden weight gain.   Hypothyroidism can seriously affect weight and metabolism. If you notice unexplained weight gain or related symptoms, seek medical assessment early. Timely diagnosis and treatment can prevent long-term complications.

Why Is Obesity Linked to Cancer? Obesity doesn’t just affect the heart and joints—it also raises the risk of several types of cancer. Studies show that maintaining a healthy weight could help prevent up to 40% of cancers worldwide.   How Does Obesity Gradually Increase Cancer Risk? Harmful substances from fat: Abdominal and visceral fat produce excess estrogen, which can stimulate abnormal growth in breast and uterine cells. Chronic inflammation: Fat tissue releases inflammatory substances that cause long-term low-grade inflammation throughout the body, damaging DNA and increasing the likelihood of cell mutation. Excess growth factors: Obesity raises levels of certain hormones and growth factors that promote cell division, making it easier for cancer cells to spread. Insulin resistance: Higher insulin levels associated with obesity can overstimulate intestinal and pancreatic cells, increasing the risk of abnormal proliferation.   Which Cancers Are Most Closely Linked to Obesity? Women’s cancers: Breast cancer, endometrial (uterine) cancer, ovarian cancer. Digestive system cancers: Colorectal, stomach, pancreatic, and liver cancers. Other types: Esophageal, kidney, and gallbladder cancers.Research indicates that people with obesity have a 1 to 2 times higher risk of developing these cancers compared to individuals with normal body weight.   Early Warning Signs of Obesity-Related Cancer Persistent fatigue or unexplained weight changes. Digestive issues such as indigestion, abdominal pain, or altered bowel habits. Abnormal bleeding, chronic cough, or hoarseness. New lumps, warts, or non-healing ulcers on the skin or mucous membranes. Note: These symptoms do not always indicate cancer, but medical evaluation and screening should be done early.   How to Lower Cancer Risk Caused by Obesity Weight loss for cancer prevention: Losing even 5–10% of body weight can significantly reduce cancer-related biomarkers. Healthy diet: Eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily for antioxidant protection. Choose whole grains and legumes instead of refined carbohydrates. Reduce intake of red meat, processed meats, and high-heat grilled foods. Regular exercise: Do at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week (e.g., brisk walking) to reduce inflammation and hormonal imbalances. Quit smoking and limit alcohol: The combination of smoking and obesity multiplies cancer risk.   How to Prevent Obesity-Related Cancers Regular screenings: Women aged 40 and above: Mammogram screening. Individuals aged 50 and above: Colonoscopy. Those with a strong family history: Consider earlier or personalized screening. Weight monitoring: Check BMI and waist circumference yearly; aim for <90 cm in men and <80 cm in women. Healthy lifestyle: Ensure adequate sleep, manage stress, and avoid long-term high-sugar, high-fat diets.   Obesity can significantly raise the risk of developing cancer. If you notice unexplained symptoms or persistent changes in weight, consult a doctor promptly for detailed assessment and early intervention to prevent cancer-related complications.

The Hidden Dangers of Obesity and Sleep ApneaObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely linked with obesity, yet many people are unaware of how serious this condition can be.   Why Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Sleep Apnea? Obese individuals—especially those with excess fat around the neck, chin, and abdomen—are more likely to experience airway compression during sleep. This narrowing or temporary “collapse” of the upper airway leads to breathing interruptions.When airflow becomes restricted, breathing repeatedly stops and starts throughout the night, a condition known as obstructive sleep apnea.Studies show that obese people are several times more likely to develop sleep apnea than those with a healthy weight, and the risk is particularly high in those with abdominal obesity or a noticeable belly.   How Does Sleep Apnea Affect the Body? Cardiovascular strain: Each pause in breathing forces the heart to work harder, increasing the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. Daytime fatigue and cognitive issues: Poor sleep quality causes drowsiness, irritability, and poor concentration, raising safety concerns—especially when driving. Metabolic impact: Lack of sleep disrupts hormones that regulate appetite, making people hungrier and creating a vicious cycle where weight gain worsens sleep apnea.   Common Warning Signs to Watch For Loud, irregular snoring with pauses in breathing lasting a few seconds to over ten seconds. Gasping or choking episodes during sleep, sometimes waking up abruptly and feeling breathless or tight-chested. Morning headaches, dry mouth, or sore throat, with a feeling of unrested sleep. Excessive daytime sleepiness, irritability, or poor focus, even after a seemingly full night’s sleep.   How to Manage Obesity and Sleep Apnea Weight management: Maintain a balanced diet—reduce oily, sugary foods and eat more fruits and vegetables. Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, such as brisk walking or cycling. Better sleep habits: Avoid heavy meals and alcohol before bedtime. Try sleeping on your side instead of on your back. Medical treatments: Undergo a sleep study to assess the severity of the condition. For moderate to severe cases, using a CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machine can keep the airway open during sleep.   Obesity and sleep apnea can seriously harm heart health and reduce quality of life. If you experience loud snoring, pauses in breathing, or persistent daytime fatigue, seek medical evaluation early to identify the cause and prevent potential complications.

Why Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of cartilage. Obese individuals have up to a fourfold higher risk of developing it, especially in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips.   How Does Obesity Gradually Damage the Joints? Excessive mechanical stress: Every additional kilogram of body weight increases the load on the knees by four times, similar to constantly walking while carrying a heavy backpack. Cartilage wear and tear: Continuous pressure makes the joint cartilage thinner and harder, reducing its cushioning ability. Inflammation: Abdominal fat releases harmful substances that trigger inflammation and swelling in the tissues around the joints. Vicious cycle: Joint pain limits mobility, which worsens obesity. Obese individuals are twice as likely to require joint replacement surgery.   What Are the Symptoms of Obesity-Related Osteoarthritis? Early stage: Morning stiffness, mild pain, and reduced flexibility. Middle stage: Increased pain during weight-bearing activities, joint swelling, and creaking sounds when moving. Late stage: Persistent pain, difficulty walking, and higher risk of disability.   How to Effectively Manage Obesity-Related Osteoarthritis Weight loss is essential: Losing 10 kg can reduce knee pain by 50% and improve function by 30%. Exercise recommendations: Choose low-impact exercises such as swimming or water walking. Strengthen thigh muscles to reduce knee stress. Nutritional supplements: Glucosamine and vitamin D may support joint health. Physical therapy: Heat therapy and ultrasound can relieve pain. Surgical options: Joint replacement should be considered in severe cases.   How to Prevent Joint Damage Caused by Obesity Maintain a healthy weight: Keep BMI below 25; aim for a waist circumference under 90 cm for men and 80 cm for women. Joint protection habits: Wear shock-absorbing sports shoes. Avoid prolonged heavy lifting and frequent stair climbing. Ensure daily calcium intake of about 1000 mg. Regular screening: People over 50 should get annual knee and hip X-rays.   Obesity can seriously harm knee joint health. If you experience joint pain or other related symptoms, seek medical advice promptly for comprehensive examination and early management to prevent complications of joint degeneration.

What is obesity?Obesity is a chronic disease where excess body fat accumulates and harms health. It is assessed mainly by BMI (weight in kg ÷ height in m²) and waist circumference.   BMI Categories Normal: 18.5–22.9 kg/m² Overweight: 23–24.9 kg/m² Obesity Class I: 25–29.9 kg/m² Obesity Class II: ≥30 kg/m² Severe/Morbid: ≥35/40 kg/m² Waist Circumference (Abdominal Obesity) Men: ≥90 cm Women: ≥80 cm   How Obesity Gradually Damages the Cardiovascular System Artery hardening and narrowing: Excess "bad" cholesterol adheres to vessel walls, forming fatty plaques that reduce elasticity. Sustained high blood pressure: Increased weight forces the heart to pump harder, leading to chronic hypertension. Lipid imbalance: Abdominal fat affects the liver, decreasing "good" cholesterol and raising "bad" cholesterol. Inflammatory response: Fat tissue releases harmful substances, causing ongoing vascular inflammation and accelerated aging.   Effective Management of Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Issues Lifestyle Changes (Core Treatment):Losing 5–10% body weight reduces inflammation by 20% and improves vessel elasticity. Regular Exercise: Aerobic: Brisk walking 30–45 minutes daily. Resistance training: 2–3 sessions weekly. Diet Principles: Adopt a Mediterranean-style diet. Increase Omega-3 sources like salmon, flaxseeds, and walnuts. Limit salt to <6g daily. Reduce saturated and trans fats. Monitoring and Interventions:Regularly check blood pressure, lipids, and glucose. Severe cases may consider bariatric surgery like gastric sleeve or bypass.   Obesity severely impacts cardiovascular health. If weight rises steadily or symptoms appear, seek medical evaluation promptly for early control and complication prevention. ​

What is fatty liver disease?Fatty liver disease occurs when excess fat accumulates in the liver. It is especially common among people who are overweight or obese, as abdominal fat can directly affect liver health.   Why does obesity easily cause fatty liver? Abdominal fat directly affects the liver: Visceral fat around the abdomen releases a large amount of free fatty acids that flow directly to the liver, turning liver cells into “fat storage units.” Disrupted blood sugar and lipid levels: Obesity often comes with high blood sugar and high cholesterol, forcing the liver to process excess sugar and fat, leading to overload. Inflammatory response: Fat tissue releases harmful substances that trigger chronic inflammation in the liver, accelerating liver damage. Vicious cycle: Fatty liver impairs liver function, slows metabolism, and makes weight control even more difficult.   What are the early warning signs of fatty liver? Common symptoms: Dull pain in the upper right abdomen, fatigue, and poor appetite. Physical signs: Itchy skin, yellowish eyes (mild jaundice), or mild liver swelling. Blood test findings: Mild to moderate elevation in liver enzymes. Severe warning signs: Abdominal fluid buildup, jaundice, or confusion — symptoms of advanced cirrhosis.   What are the serious consequences of fatty liver? Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Inflammation leads to liver fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. Liver cancer risk: Chronic inflammation increases the risk of liver cancer. Cardiovascular complications: Fatty liver often coexists with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and heart disease. Hong Kong data: Up to 40% of overweight adults have fatty liver, and 10–20% of these cases may progress to serious disease.   How to effectively improve obesity-related fatty liver? Weight reduction: Losing 7–10% of body weight can lower liver fat by 30–50%. Diet adjustments: Eat a low-fat, low-sugar diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean meat, and fish. Include daily sources of Omega-3 (such as salmon and flaxseeds) to protect the liver. Avoid alcohol and sugary drinks like juice or soda. Exercise habits: Do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise weekly (e.g., brisk walking, swimming). Add muscle-strengthening exercises 2–3 times per week to boost fat burning. Medical monitoring: Have regular liver ultrasounds. In serious cases, medication may be needed to protect liver cells.   How to prevent obesity-related fatty liver? Waistline targets: Less than 90 cm for men and 80 cm for women to avoid visceral fat buildup. Annual check-up: Overweight adults over 30 should have yearly liver enzyme tests and liver ultrasounds. Healthy lifestyle: Walk at least 30 minutes daily; sit less and move more. Maintain a balanced diet and adequate sleep. Manage stress, as high cortisol levels can harm the liver.   Obesity can seriously damage liver health, leading to fatty liver and even cirrhosis. If you feel discomfort in the right abdomen or persistent fatigue, seek medical advice early for proper evaluation. Losing weight in time is key to preventing severe liver complications.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common complication of obesity, affecting about 80% of overweight patients. Excess abdominal fat impairs insulin function, causing insulin resistance and chronically high blood sugar that overworks the pancreas, leading to eventual failure.   Effective Diabetes Risk Management Weight loss: Losing 7% of body weight reduces diabetes risk by 58%.Exercise recommendations: Combine 150 minutes of weekly aerobic exercise with strength training to improve blood sugar control by 30%.Dietary adjustments: Choose brown rice, beans, and vegetables; limit white rice and sweets to stabilize blood sugar.Medications: Metformin improves glucose levels; GLP-1 agonists aid weight loss and sugar control.Regular check-ups: Keep HbA1c below 7%; annual urine and eye exams.   Prevention Measures Maintain BMI under 23. Limit daily sugar to under 25g; consume over 25g fiber from vegetables. Adults over 40: Annual blood sugar tests. Obesity significantly raises diabetes risk. If weight keeps rising or symptoms appear, seek medical checks promptly for early control and complication prevention.

Dementia is essentially a cognitive disorder. Alzheimer’s disease, which people often hear about, is one of the most common forms of dementia. In Hong Kong, 9.7% of people aged 60 or above suffer from cognitive disorders, which are a major cause of loss of independence, disability, and death among the elderly. Every year, 1.96 million people worldwide die due to dementia—it is therefore a condition that must not be underestimated!   What are the types of dementia? Alzheimer’s disease: The most common type of dementia, which may be related to aging or hereditary factors. Patients tend to become increasingly forgetful, and their comprehension and learning abilities slow down. The disease progresses gradually, eventually affecting their self-care and social abilities—for instance, they may need help with daily conversations and hygiene. In this condition, abnormal proteins accumulate in the brain, disrupting communication between nerve cells, which leads to cell death and brain shrinkage. Vascular dementia: Accounts for about 30% of cases. It is linked to stroke, heart disease, and blood circulation problems. The onset is usually related to damage in the brain’s blood vessels. Lewy body dementia: Caused by nerve cell death in the brain. Patients may experience hallucinations, confusion, shifts in attention, and Parkinson-like tremors. Frontotemporal dementia: More commonly seen in younger patients (aged 35–75). It results from localized degeneration in the brain. Early symptoms are not necessarily memory-related but may include difficulties in communication and increased emotional problems.   Does being forgetful mean I already have dementia? Typical symptoms include: Loss of interest in work or activities. Memory decline: Trouble remembering recent events, repeatedly asking the same questions, or difficulty learning new things. Language problems: Weakened ability to express or understand, frequent word-finding difficulties. Judgment and decision-making difficulties: Challenges handling complex tasks or solving problems. Disorientation: Confusion about location, date, or time; easily getting lost. Emotional and personality changes: Apathy, anxiety, irritability, or poor judgment. Decline in daily functioning: In late stages, patients may lose self-care and communication abilities.   If I have dementia, can it be cured? Currently, there is no complete cure for dementia. However, early treatment and continuous care can slow disease progression, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life. Medication:Some medications cannot cure dementia but can help relieve symptoms. Doctors may prescribe drugs such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which help slow down brain deterioration and improve memory, cognitive function, and behavioral control. Healthy lifestyle:Studies show most dementia patients also have chronic conditions. Therefore, maintaining a balanced diet (more fish and vegetables, less meat), regular exercise, and mental stimulation can help delay cognitive decline. Caregivers should also provide emotional support to help patients express their feelings and reduce psychological stress.   How can I check whether I have dementia early? Though there is still no cure, early detection and intervention can significantly slow down progression. It is recommended to observe changes in memory and cognition in elders and undergo Alzheimer’s screening regularly to detect problems early and begin treatment promptly. Currently, Human Health Eshop offers an Early Alzheimer’s Screening for only HK$880.You can purchase or learn more via this link: https://mall.humanhealth.com.hk/products/early_alzheimer_screening This simple blood test can accurately detect levels of the biomarker phosphorylated Tau217 protein (p-Tau217) in the blood, which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and helps assess the risk of developing AD. Multiple studies have shown that blood p-Tau217 test results closely match those of traditional PET-CT scans and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analyses. Take action now—get screened and protect both yourself and your loved ones!   References:  The Centre for Health Protection ：NCD Watch August 2025 - Understanding Dementia. Consumer Council： Trivia About Dementia: What is “Alzheimer’s Disease”? A Dingy and Cluttered Room Can Be Hazardous? Castle Peak Hospital Department of Old Age Psychiatry: Mobile Memory Clinic.

Have you ever felt uncontrollable nervousness and anxiety? In fact, anxiety is a very normal emotional reaction — everyone faces different kinds of worries and stress every day. So how can you tell whether you’re actually suffering from an anxiety disorder?   What is mental illness? Mental illness is not the same as simply feeling unhappy or telling yourself to “look on the bright side.” For example, if you’re upset because something happened today but feel better tomorrow, that’s just a normal emotional fluctuation. However, with mental illness, not only are your emotions affected, but your body, thoughts, and even overall functioning can show specific symptoms that last for a longer period of time, interfering with daily life.Research has found that many people with mental illness show unusual features in the brain, such as imbalances in neurotransmitters.   When should you see a psychiatrist? Many people have stereotypes or even stigmas about psychiatry, and recent social events have caused further misunderstanding.In reality, psychiatry doesn’t only cover conditions like schizophrenia or psychosis. The field is very broad and includes common emotional disorders such as: Depression Anxiety disorders Dementia in the elderly Attention deficit in children Hyperactivity disorder Insomnia   Psychiatrists also handle addiction-related problems, including: Alcoholism Substance abuse Gambling addiction Internet addiction   If you often feel tense or nervous, could you have an anxiety disorder? People with anxiety disorders often experience persistent and excessive worry, or constantly expect danger to occur. This is often classified as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).   Symptoms of GAD include: Ongoing uneasiness Dizziness or headaches Rapid heartbeat Shortness of breath Digestive discomfort Nausea Cold sweats Feeling hot or flushed   These symptoms can significantly interfere with everyday life, affecting health, work, finances, relationships, and emotional well-being.   Other types of anxiety disorders include: Panic disorder Social anxiety disorder Agoraphobia Claustrophobia Acrophobia (fear of heights) Hemophobia (fear of blood) Insect phobia   Anxiety disorders more common in children: Separation anxiety disorder Selective mutism   If you notice that you or someone around you shows signs of emotional or mental distress, seek professional help as soon as possible.

Many parents feel heartbroken when they hear that their child needs a circumcision. But is circumcision really necessary? And what exactly does “circumcision” mean?    Where is the foreskin?  The foreskin is the layer of skin that covers the glans of a male newborn's penis, serving a protective role. ​   Does a baby need circumcision?Not all babies require it; doctors typically recommend it only for those with specific needs to avoid unnecessary surgery. ​ Why do children in North America often get it, and what are the benefits?It's common there due to cultural practices and perceived health advantages, such as drying the glans to lower STI risks later in life. Parents should weigh the necessity themselves. ​ When is circumcision needed? Urethral Infection (Urinary Inflammation)Due to bacterial infection between the foreskin and glans penis, after circumcision, the glans becomes drier, reducing bacterial growth and decreasing the chance of urethral inflammation by about one-tenth. Recurrent balanitis6% of boys experience this condition. If inflammation recurs frequently, circumcision may be considered to reduce inflammation chance by half. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (dry obstructive balanitis)This causes narrowing of the foreskin opening, leading to difficulty urinating. In this case, circumcision is the best option. Foreskin ballooning during urinationThis causes blockage when urinating. If severe, surgery may be considered.   Pediatric surgical issues can impact a child's life long-term, so parents should promptly consult a doctor for checks if concerns arise.

What is glaucoma?Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in Hong Kong. About 3 out of every 100 adults over the age of 40 are at risk of developing glaucoma. Early diagnosis can prevent vision loss and blindness. In the early stages, glaucoma may not show obvious symptoms, so patients often overlook it. By the time vision problems are noticed, the disease is usually advanced. This is why glaucoma is known as the “silent thief of sight.” It can cause permanent blindness, but early detection and treatment can help preserve vision. People over 40 or those with high-risk factors should have an eye examination every year to detect early glaucoma and prevent deterioration.   Why does glaucoma occur? Inside the eye, there is a clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to eye tissues, removes waste products, and maintains the shape of the eyeball. If the drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, pressure builds up inside the eye (intraocular pressure). High intraocular pressure can damage the optic nerve, leading to glaucoma. Therefore, measuring eye pressure is an important part of glaucoma screening.   What types of glaucoma are there? Glaucoma can be categorized in different ways depending on cause and disease progression: Acute glaucomaThis form develops suddenly, causing blurred vision, seeing halos or rainbow rings around lights, red and painful eyes, and possibly headache, nausea, or vomiting. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with oral or injected medications and eye drops to lower eye pressure, followed by laser or surgical treatment. Chronic glaucomaThis type develops gradually with no obvious early symptoms. Vision narrows slowly, and by the time patients notice serious vision loss, much of the damage is irreversible. This is why it’s also called the “thief of sight.” Congenital and acquired glaucomaAlthough most glaucoma patients are over 40, some infants are born with abnormal drainage structures in the eyes, leading to congenital glaucoma. These babies may be sensitive to light, have excessive tearing, and have larger-than-normal eyeballs. Primary and secondary glaucomaPrimary glaucoma is not caused by another disease. Secondary glaucoma results from other eye or systemic conditions such as advanced cataracts, uveitis, eye tumors, diabetic eye disease, or prolonged use of steroid eye drops. Treatment for secondary glaucoma must address the underlying condition first. Normal-tension glaucomaIn some patients, eye pressure is within the normal range, but the optic nerve is still damaged due to its lower tolerance to pressure. Such cases require detailed examination to diagnose. High-tension glaucomaThis is the most common type where increased intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve, leading to progressive vision loss and narrowed visual fields.   What are the common symptoms of glaucoma?  Gradual narrowing of the visual field Nausea or vomiting Eye pain with or without headache or migraine Sudden blurred vision Red or swollen eyes Seeing halos or rainbow rings around lights   How is glaucoma diagnosed? Diagnosis involves a series of clinical tests based on the patient’s condition and medical history. Common tests include: Intraocular pressure measurement Visual field test Fundus (retinal) examination Slit-lamp examination Gonioscopy (to examine the drainage angle) Assessment of optic nerve damage Checking aqueous humor drainage function   How is glaucoma treated? The goal of glaucoma treatment is to control eye pressure, prevent or slow disease progression, protect the optic nerve, and preserve vision. Treatments include medications (eye drops or oral drugs), laser therapy, or surgery. Today, there are also minimally invasive surgical options. With early detection, 90% of patients can avoid blindness. Surgery is usually performed under local anesthesia, where the eye is numbed but the patient remains awake. General anesthesia is reserved for specific cases. Surgical options to lower intraocular pressure: Glaucoma filtration surgery – A small incision is made in the eye wall to create a tiny drainage channel for aqueous humor to exit and reduce eye pressure. Non-penetrating filtration surgery – Similar to traditional filtration surgery but preserves certain corneal layers and may use implants. Tube (shunt) implantation surgery – A drainage tube is inserted into the eye to divert excess fluid out. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) – Techniques that either enhance drainage or reduce aqueous humor production with less tissue disruption. Ciliary body laser or cryotherapy – Laser or freezing treatment to reduce aqueous humor production by partially destroying the fluid-producing tissue. In some surgeries, anti-scarring drugs (such as mitomycin C or 5-fluorouracil) may be applied to increase success rates. After surgery, an eye shield is used to protect the surgical site.

Is there any benefit to regular gastroscopy and colonoscopy?Do you often experience indigestion or abdominal discomfort? Gastroscopy and colonoscopy can help investigate the underlying causes. These endoscopic procedures allow direct observation of the stomach and intestines to detect abnormalities or diseases such as abnormal cell growth, ulcers, or polyps. If any lesions are found during examination, the doctor may use forceps attached to the endoscope to collect tissue samples for analysis. Early screening helps lower the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers, including stomach, esophageal, colorectal, and anal cancer. Many people think gastroscopy and colonoscopy only detect stomach and colorectal cancers, but in fact, they can identify a wide range of digestive conditions, such as the following:   What can gastroscopy and colonoscopy examine? Gastroscopy examines the upper digestive tract, while colonoscopy examines the lower digestive tract.   Gastroscopy — examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum A gastroscopy, or “upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,” allows doctors to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It helps diagnose upper digestive tract diseases, such as stomach or esophageal cancer, gastritis, esophagitis, stomach ulcer, esophageal ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and stomach polyps. It is useful for evaluating symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, persistent abdominal pain, heartburn, acid reflux, or indigestion. If necessary, the doctor may take tissue samples to identify whether the condition is benign or malignant, and may remove polyps immediately during the examination.   Colonoscopy — removes polyps and prevents colorectal cancer A colonoscopy examines various lower digestive tract conditions, including colorectal or anal cancer, inflammation, ulcers, vascular lesions, hemorrhoids, and suspected intestinal bleeding. It is recommended for patients with persistent abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, constipation, or bloody stools to identify possible causes.Even people without symptoms can undergo colonoscopy. In Hong Kong, colorectal cancer is the most common cancer, with over 5,600 new cases recorded in 2018. Most cases begin with benign polyps that can become malignant over about 10 years. Removing these polyps through colonoscopy can reduce the risk of cancer development.   How long does the procedure take? What preparation is required?   Colonoscopy A colonoscopy uses a flexible scope inserted through the anus to examine the lining of the colon. The procedure usually takes 15 minutes to 1 hour. Sedatives and pain relief are often given so the patient remains relaxed or asleep. Three days before the procedure, patients should eat a low-residue diet and avoid high-fiber foods such as vegetables, fruit, and oatmeal. The day before, a bowel cleansing agent is taken to clear stool and ensure a clean view of the intestines for accurate examination.   Gastroscopy A gastroscopy uses a thin, flexible tube about 0.9 cm in diameter with a camera at its tip, inserted through the mouth and esophagus to reach the stomach and duodenum. If required, the doctor may extract tissue samples through the tube for pathology testing. To ensure comfort, local anesthetic spray and intravenous sedation are provided. The procedure usually takes around 10 minutes.   When is gastroscopy or colonoscopy needed?   Gastroscopy indications Difficulty swallowing Persistent stomach pain, heartburn, acid reflux, or indigestion Black or tarry stool Unexplained weight loss Iron-deficiency anemia (fatigue, low hemoglobin) Family history of stomach or esophageal cancer   Colonoscopy indications Colorectal cancer screening (recommended for people aged 45 or above, or with family history) Blood or mucus in stool Unexplained abdominal pain Unexplained weight loss or fatigue Changes in bowel habits (persistent constipation or diarrhea for more than 2 weeks) Positive fecal occult blood test   Who should undergo these examinations?   Gastroscopy Individuals with swallowing difficulties, recurrent upper abdominal pain, acid reflux, indigestion, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, loss of appetite, or weight loss may need a gastroscopy. People aged 40 and above are recommended to begin regular screenings, especially those with a family history of stomach cancer.   Colonoscopy Besides those showing colorectal cancer symptoms, regular screening is advised from ages 45 to 50, as early colorectal cancer often has no obvious signs and is increasingly found in younger adults. If only a few polyps are found and test results are normal, repeat colonoscopy every 5 years is recommended. If multiple polyps (20–30) are present, the next screening should be done within a year.For people with a direct family history of colorectal cancer or additional risk factors, screening should start earlier—at age 40 or 10 years before the relative’s age at diagnosis.

Have you ever experienced lower back and waist pain, whether you are a white-collar worker or a laborer? In fact, people from all walks of life can suffer from back pain. Maintaining correct posture and performing stretching exercises daily can help relieve and prevent discomfort. However, if you experience symptoms like sciatica or leg numbness, it is important to seek medical diagnosis to identify the cause. Doctors often recommend physical therapy for patients as needed.   Why does back pain occur?Back pain is a common urban ailment, affecting not only office workers but also elderly individuals and homemakers who may feel stiffness and discomfort in the waist. Causes include falls, heavy lifting, overwork, poor posture, aging bone spurs, and degeneration, all of which can affect the spine and lead to pain. Additionally, kidney diseases or osteoporosis can also cause back pain. Can back pain affect the legs?The spine’s structure is complex, including the tailbone (coccyx), sacrum, five lumbar vertebrae, and two pelvic bones, connected by ligaments and muscles. Intervertebral discs, blood vessels, and spinal nerves lie between vertebrae. Nerves branching out around the lumbar vertebrae control different muscles and sensations in the legs. Therefore, leg pain or numbness can originate from back problems.   What are the symptoms of back pain? Muscle soreness and stiffness in the waist and legs, decreased range of motion Sharp pain during coughing or sneezing Sciatic nerve pain or femoral nerve pain Compression of lumbar nerves leading to diminished leg reflexes, muscle weakness, sensory loss, or numbness   How to treat and care for back pain?To relieve chronic back pain, use heat packs and pain-relieving creams; for acute pain, apply ice packs to reduce inflammation. If symptoms, such as leg numbness, do not improve, seek medical advice promptly. Doctors may order clinical exams, X-rays, or MRI scans to diagnose the cause and prescribe painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, or topical pain relief. Physical therapy is often recommended to promote recovery and prevent recurrence. Physical therapy options include: Heat therapy to relax muscles; Interferential current therapy to block pain signals and improve circulation; Lumbar traction to reduce nerve compression; Ultrasound therapy to increase blood flow and relax ligaments and muscles. Acute treatment usually requires 6-8 sessions; chronic may need 10-12. Joint mobilization and realignment by hands-on techniques to relieve stiffness and improve motion. Exercise therapy such as prone back extensions supported by hands and supine knee side-to-side movements to ease pain and improve joint function. Acupuncture Posture education   How to prevent back pain? Use a lumbar support belt if needed Maintain good posture: stand straight with relaxed shoulders; sit with feet flat, back straight, and avoid crossed legs; ensure chair and desk heights are appropriate; use a supportive mattress and sleeping position Lift heavy objects using legs, keeping the back straight; use trolleys if needed Maintain healthy weight Pregnant women should maintain correct posture Do appropriate exercises such as lying on the floor and alternately hugging knees to stretch and relax lower back muscles   Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational use only.You should consult your doctor about surgical options and not rely solely on this website’s information.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also known as prostate enlargement, is a common health issue in middle-aged and older men. It is not cancer but occurs when the prostate, a small gland, grows larger with age, pressing on the urethra and causing urination difficulties. Simply put, it’s like the prostate “growing bigger.” According to the Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, about half of men over 50 in Hong Kong experience some degree of BPH.   What is the Prostate and Why Does It Enlarge? Think of the urinary system as a pipeline, with the prostate as a walnut-sized gland surrounding the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder). It produces part of the seminal fluid to support sperm movement. As men age, hormonal changes (like testosterone effects) cause prostate cells to multiply, enlarging the gland. This can squeeze the urethra, causing issues. In severe cases, the prostate may swell to the size of a mango. Medically, this often starts at ages 40–50, driven by age, hormonal imbalances, and genetics.   Common Symptoms of BPH BPH develops gradually and may not be noticeable early on. When the prostate presses on the urethra, symptoms include: Frequent urination: Especially at night (nocturia), needing to visit the bathroom often. Urgency: Sudden, uncontrollable urges to urinate. Weak urine stream: Slow, intermittent flow, like squeezing toothpaste. Incomplete emptying: Feeling the bladder isn’t fully emptied after urinating. Other: Occasional pain or blood in urine, though rare. Severe cases may lead to urinary tract infections or kidney issues. These symptoms can affect sleep and quality of life, but severity varies. Some men experience only mild discomfort.   Who is More Likely to Develop BPH? Age is the main factor (risk increases over 50), but other risks include: Family history: If your father or brother had BPH, you’re more likely to develop it. Lifestyle: Obesity, lack of exercise, or poor diet can worsen it. Health conditions: Diabetes or heart disease may indirectly contribute. The good news? BPH isn’t cancer and won’t become cancer. However, ignoring it could lead to complications like bladder stones or urinary retention.   How is It Diagnosed? If you have symptoms, a doctor will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a digital rectal exam (DRE) to check prostate size. Other tests may include urine flow studies, ultrasound, or PSA blood tests (to rule out cancer). Treatment depends on symptom severity.   How to Prevent or Manage It? While BPH can’t be fully prevented, lifestyle changes help: Maintain a healthy weight, eat more vegetables, and limit red meat. Exercise regularly, like walking or swimming, to support urinary health. Avoid holding urine and drink less water at night. Get regular check-ups for early detection.   Conclusion BPH is a natural part of aging for men, much like graying hair. Noticing symptoms early and seeking professional advice can manage it effectively. If you have urination issues, don’t be shy—see a doctor. It can improve your life and prevent complications.

What Are Warts and Do They Need to Be Removed? Warts are common skin growths that look like small, hard bumps or fleshy grains, appearing on hands, feet, face, or elsewhere. They’re caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), are not dangerous, but can sometimes feel embarrassing or uncomfortable. Many ask, “Do warts have to be removed?” The answer: Not always!   What Are Warts? Warts are small growths on the skin caused by HPV infection. The virus enters through tiny skin cuts, triggering excess cell growth to form a wart. Think of it as an uninvited guest on your skin—harmless but possibly bothersome. According to Hong Kong’s Department of Health, warts are common across all ages, especially in children and young adults due to frequent skin contact (like sharing towels or walking barefoot).   Types of Warts Warts vary in appearance and location: Common Warts: Rough, hard bumps, often on hands or fingers. Plantar Warts: Grow on the soles of feet, can be painful when walking, like stepping on a pebble. Flat Warts: Smooth, small warts, common on the face or legs, especially in young people. Genital Warts: Appear near genitals, a special type requiring extra attention. Each type may need different handling based on location and symptoms.   Why Do Warts Form? HPV is the culprit! It spreads through: Direct contact, like shaking hands with someone who has warts. Sharing towels, shoes, or walking barefoot in public pools. Small skin cuts, making it easier for the virus to enter. People with lower immunity (e.g., stressed or ill) are more prone to warts. Fortunately, warts rarely cause serious health issues.   Do Warts Need to Be Removed? Good news: Many warts disappear on their own! Especially in kids or young adults, the immune system may clear them in months to a couple of years. But you might consider treatment if a wart: Affects your appearance, causing embarrassment. Causes pain (like plantar warts). Spreads or multiplies quickly. Grows in sensitive areas (like the face or genitals). Always consult a doctor for the best approach.   How to Decide and What Are the Treatment Options? Warts don’t always need removal—it depends. Common options include: Watchful Waiting: If painless, many warts fade naturally. Over-the-Counter Treatments: Salicylic acid creams from pharmacies soften warts for removal, but require weeks of use. Cryotherapy: Doctors freeze warts with liquid nitrogen, a simple, common method. Laser or Surgery: For stubborn or large warts, doctors may use lasers or minor surgery. Other Methods: Electrosurgery or chemical treatments for specific cases. Important: Don’t cut or tear warts yourself—it risks infection or spreading! Genital warts need professional care due to their link to sexual transmission.   How to Prevent Warts? While not fully preventable, these tips help: Keep skin clean and dry to avoid cuts. Don’t share towels, shoes, or personal items. Wear flip-flops in public pools or gyms. Boost immunity with a balanced diet, exercise, and good sleep.   When to See a Doctor? Consult a doctor if a wart: Grows quickly, changes color, or bleeds. Causes pain or disrupts daily life. Appears on sensitive areas like the face or genitals. Might not be a wart (to rule out other issues, like skin cancer). In Hong Kong, dermatologists or general practitioners can offer professional checks for safety.   If unsure, don’t try to handle warts yourself—seeing a doctor is the best choice! This information is for reference only; always follow medical advice.

Both the common cold and influenza (often called the flu) are respiratory infectious diseases, but they are caused by different viruses. In general, flu symptoms appear more suddenly and are more severe than those of the common cold. The flu can also lead to more serious complications. People with a common cold typically have symptoms like a runny nose, while those with influenza are more likely to develop severe complications such as pneumonia or bacterial infections, which may even require hospitalization. Therefore, getting the flu vaccine is an important measure to prevent influenza and its complications.

Everyone associates "cancer" with death and incurable diseases. Is it true that cancer has no prevention methods and no early warning signs?   1. Is cancer common in Hong Kong? And what causes it?The death rate from cancer in Hong Kong is quite high, accounting for about 30% of all deaths in the city. Common cancers such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer are among the most frequent.In fact, most cancers may show some early warning signs or symptoms in their initial stages, and early detection can greatly improve the chances of cure.Cancer is caused by abnormal uncontrolled proliferation of mutated cells in the body, forming tumors. Tumors are classified as benign or malignant, with malignant tumors referred to as cancer.   2. What are the early warning signs or symptoms of cancer? Weight loss Night sweats or fever Persistent fatigue Unexplained pain Skin changes: unexplained bruises or lumps Difficulty swallowing or persistent mouth ulcers Changes in bowel habits: indigestion, nausea, persistent constipation or diarrhea   3. How long is the golden period for cancer treatment?These symptoms are often subtle and easily overlooked. It is therefore recommended everyone remain vigilant of their body’s condition and seek medical help promptly if feeling unwell.While the progression time varies depending on cancer type with no fixed definition of "how many months," earlier cancer detection generally improves cure rates.For example, according to the Hong Kong Cancer Foundation, the survival rate for colorectal cancer detected at stage one can be as high as 95.7%, but it drops to 68.7% by stage three. Early diagnosis usually means higher survival than late diagnosis. Thus, besides maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular health check-ups are advised.  

Every woman has a few days each month when they feel irritable. Can menstrual irregularities become a big problem?   1. How long should a normal menstrual period last?Most women have a menstrual cycle of about 28 days, with a normal range between 21 and 35 days. The duration of each period usually lasts around 3 to 7 days.   2. Does menstrual irregularity just mean late periods? When should you seek medical advice?Menstrual irregularity does not just mean delayed periods. The following symptoms can also indicate menstrual irregularity: Excessive or scanty menstrual bleeding Period lasting more than 8 days or less than 3 days Severe abdominal pain during menstruation Menopause before age 40If menstrual irregularities persist, it is recommended to consult a doctor for a comprehensive examination and appropriate treatment.   3. What causes irregular menstrual cycles?Menstrual irregularities may be caused by stress, hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, etc. Irregular menstruation can be one symptom of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which results from hormonal imbalance leading to irregular or absent ovulation, potentially causing infertility. PCOS may also lead to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Since the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, doctors generally prescribe oral contraceptives to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce symptoms. Patients are also advised to maintain healthy diet and exercise habits to help stabilize ovulation.If you find yourself experiencing long-term irregular periods, remember to consult a doctor early and undergo gynecological examination!

1. Why does nerve damage occur? Trauma Herniated disc or tumor pressing on nerves Autoimmune diseases such as diabetes Vitamin B deficiency Long-term use of medication or alcohol   2. What are the symptoms of nerve damage? Numbness or tingling sensation in the skin, like being pricked by needles Pain when touching certain areas or cold objects Reduced pain sensitivity, unable to feel pain normally   3. How to prevent nerve damage?To prevent nerve damage, maintain a healthy diet, reduce alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have regular health check-ups. Diabetic patients should carefully monitor their blood sugar levels. These measures help reduce the risk of nerve pain.   4. Is nerve pain the same as muscle pain?When suddenly feeling a prickling sensation in the body, is it muscle pain or nerve pain? Even if the skin has no wounds but feels prickling on touch, it may not be muscle cramps or muscle pain, but nerve damage.Nerve pain and muscle pain are different.     Nerve Pain Muscle Pain Cause Due to disease or injury Caused by tension, stress, overuse, minor injury or strain Pain Prickling, tingling, sharp pain; pain intensifies when touching specific areas or cold objects Muscles may feel stiff or sore; pain when pressing or exerting the muscle   Nerve pain is just one symptom of nerve damage. If you suspect nerve damage, seek medical attention as soon as possible for treatment.

1. What is frozen shoulder?Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, commonly occurs in people aged 40 to 60, with women more frequently affected. Recently, younger people have also started experiencing it.Frozen shoulder typically progresses through three stages: the painful stage, the stiff stage, and the recovery stage. Painful stage: considered the early phase, patients feel shoulder pain, especially worse at night or with shoulder movement. The range of shoulder movement gradually decreases, affecting daily life. Stiff stage: pain decreases but shoulder movement is severely limited. The joint becomes stiffer, making basic actions like raising the arm, dressing, combing hair, or lifting objects difficult. Recovery stage: shoulder joint becomes more flexible and pain reduces. Patients can speed recovery with physical therapy and appropriate exercise.   2. What causes frozen shoulder? Decreased joint fluid and increased stiffness of the shoulder ligaments and joint capsule due to aging Overuse or injuries like falls or heavy lifting Inflammation of tissues around the shoulder joint Poor posture for extended periods, especially prolonged forward shoulder lean when using computers, causing muscle and ligament tightness Lack of shoulder exercise and stretching   3. Will frozen shoulder recover on its own? Can it be ignored?Frozen shoulder can last from several months to years and typically resolves gradually on its own. But during flare-ups, pain can be severe, and limited shoulder movement can disrupt normal life. It is generally recommended to seek medical help promptly to alleviate pain and accelerate recovery. Different stages require different treatments or medications prescribed by doctors.   4. What treatments are available for frozen shoulder?Doctors often use physical therapy like stretching exercises to restore shoulder flexibility and strength. Heat and cold therapy also help reduce pain. Patients should do home exercises to maintain shoulder mobility. Based on severity, doctors may prescribe anti-inflammatory medication or corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, arthroscopic surgery may be performed to repair or remove inflamed tissue. If you experience prolonged shoulder stiffness and suspect frozen shoulder, see a doctor as soon as possible!

Many people experience tinnitus, but should it be ignored? Will it affect hearing?   1. What is tinnitus? Does it affect hearing? Tinnitus is a buzzing or hissing sound that occurs even when there's no source in the surrounding environment. It usually lasts for a few seconds and then stops. Both children and adults can experience tinnitus, but if it persists, you should seek medical attention immediately. Studies show that 90% of people with tinnitus also have hearing loss, so tinnitus may be a symptom of hearing loss. Tinnitus is categorized into two main types: objective tinnitus and subjective tinnitus. The key difference between objective and subjective tinnitus lies in whether the tinnitus heard by the sufferer can also be heard by others using headphones. While objective tinnitus can be heard by others using headphones, subjective tinnitus is only audible to the sufferer.   2. What causes tinnitus? The cause of tinnitus is unknown, but the following factors are associated with it: Exposing yourself to high-decibel levels for extended periods, such as at concerts or at construction sites. Hearing loss: Hearing loss gradually worsens with age and is also strongly associated with tinnitus. Ear diseases: Otitis media, inner ear infections, or excessive earwax blocking the ear canal can also affect hearing and cause tinnitus. Medication side effects: Some medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), certain antibiotics, and chemotherapy drugs, may cause tinnitus. Temporomandibular joint disorders: Head or neck injuries can damage the ear structure, impairing the transmission of sound signals to the brain and causing tinnitus.   3. Is tinnitus preventable? To prevent tinnitus and protect your hearing, it's best to use earplugs in noisy environments or avoid prolonged exposure to loud noises. Also, pay attention to the volume when using headphones, and regular hearing tests are recommended. Since hearing loss can be severe or minor, and long-term tinnitus can directly impact your quality of life, it's recommended to seek medical attention and get checked out as soon as possible.   Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Hong Kong Department of Health Student Health Service - How Much Do You Know About Tinnitus?

1. Are all acne the same? Are there different types? The most common types of acne are as follows: Whiteheads: Raised bumps on the skin with white or yellow pus inside. Blackheads: Open comedones with a darker surface. Papules: Small, red rashes without pus. Pustules: Usually red with a white pus-filled surface, generally considered moderately inflamed. Nodules: Large, firm, and buried deep in the skin. Cysts: Larger than nodules and filled with pus, generally more painful. If the skin is already red, indicating inflammation, it is generally not recommended to pop it yourself. This is because popping it can worsen the inflammation and may even cause scarring.   2. What are some effective ways to prevent acne? In addition to maintaining a positive mood, you can also try the following to prevent acne: Face cleansing habits: Use gentle cleansing products both morning and evening, avoiding over-cleansing. Avoid frequent contact with your face. Dietary habits: Avoid consuming high-sugar, high-fat foods, and dairy products. Lifestyle habits: Exercise regularly and avoid staying up late.   3. When should you see a doctor? What treatments are available? Acne typically develops during adolescence. Hormonal factors can trigger acne growth, and many adults also develop acne due to excessive stress or an unbalanced diet. Most acne breakouts gradually subside after adolescence. If an adult experiences persistent breakouts for more than two months without improvement, it's recommended to seek medical attention. Your doctor will prescribe topical and oral medications, such as isotretinoin and antibiotics, based on your skin condition. In severe cases, steroids or laser treatments may be recommended to reduce inflammation and scarring, and promote skin repair.

Has anyone ever experienced dizziness or loss of balance while walking? You might think it's just low blood sugar, but it could actually be a sign of a stroke!   1. What is a stroke? Strokes are generally divided into three types: ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot forms in an artery, obstructing blood flow, or when the blood vessel wall thickens, reducing blood flow. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when bleeding within the brain or subarachnoid hemorrhage affects blood circulation to the brain. Transient ischemic stroke, commonly known as a "mini-stroke," typically lasts from a few minutes to a few hours and resolves within 24 hours.   2. What are the symptoms of a stroke? Half of the face droops, asymmetrical expression Difficulty speaking, slurred speech Weakness in one limb Severe headache or dizziness Loss of balance   3. Who is at high risk for stroke? Stroke is actually caused by a combination of high-risk factors. Individuals with this condition should pay special attention to their health and prevent it. High blood pressure, high cholesterol Diabetes Heart disease Family history of disease Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption Obesity   4. Is there a golden window for stroke treatment? Since strokes typically occur suddenly, if diagnosed as an ischemic stroke by a doctor, according to the Hospital Authority, the chance of recovery is higher if intravenous thrombolytic therapy is received within three hours. Therefore, it's crucial to seek medical attention immediately if a problem is identified. This golden window is crucial for seeking medical attention.

Although COVID-19 has eased over time, the disease has not completely disappeared, and infections leading to death continue to occur each year. Fatal cases caused by COVID-19 have never ceased entirely, so the risk remains present.   Why is COVID-19 still a concern?While COVID-19 is no longer considered a global pandemic, infections and deaths continue to be reported worldwide — including in Hong Kong. According to the Centre for Health Protection, from January 30, 2023 to December 28, 2024, there were still 1,398 deaths preliminarily assessed to be related to COVID-19. Therefore, until the disease is fully eradicated, the situation should not be taken lightly. Are there any government-subsidized services available?Yes. Even though the pandemic has ended, the government has continued its COVID-related initiatives. Eligible individuals can still receive government-funded COVID-19 vaccinations. Further details are available on the government’s dedicated webpage:https://www.chp.gov.hk/tc/features/106934.html In addition, the government provides the oral antiviral medication Paxlovid free of charge to eligible COVID-19 patients. This medication helps relieve symptoms and can reduce the risk of severe illness or hospitalization by 85–89%, especially in high-risk groups. It is recommended that patients begin treatment within five days after symptom onset. Paxlovid can also be obtained through private doctors participating in the government scheme. Human Health is one of the designated organizations authorized to distribute the medication. Confirmed patients may visit their nearest Human Health Medical Centre for inquiries. More details can be found here:https://humanhealth.com.hk/zh-hant/Gov-funded-Programme/details/covid_paxlovid   Frequently Asked Questions (Q&A)   How long do I need to take the oral COVID-19 medication?Treatment should start within five days of symptom onset and continue for a total of five days without interruption.   Who should take special precautions before using COVID-19 oral medication?The medication can be used by individuals aged 12 or above, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it affects liver enzymes, so it is unsuitable for patients with severe kidney impairment or liver failure. It may also interact with cholesterol-lowering drugs or HIV medications. Patients taking these long-term should consult a doctor before starting treatment.   Are there any side effects from the COVID-19 oral medication?Known side effects of Paxlovid include changes in taste and diarrhea. Less common reactions may include mild headaches, vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, high blood pressure, and general discomfort. These effects usually resolve after completing the full treatment course. If significant discomfort occurs, patients should seek medical advice.

1. What is cataract? Are there ways to cure it completely?A cataract refers to the clouding of the lens inside the eye. The only way to completely treat cataracts is through surgery. Modern cataract surgery technology is highly advanced, with small incisions (2.2 mm) and quick recovery. During the surgery, the doctor removes the cloudy lens and implants an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).   2. What is an intraocular lens (IOL), and how do I choose the right one?There are several types of intraocular lenses to choose from, including: Monofocal lens:This lens provides clear vision at only one distance. Patients can choose whether to have clearer vision for near, intermediate, or far distances. They may still need glasses for other distances. To reduce dependence on glasses after surgery, some patients can use monovision, where one eye is adjusted for near vision and the other for distance vision. It takes time for the brain to adapt, and the doctor will assess suitability beforehand. Multifocal lens:This lens has multiple concentric focusing zones, allowing light from different distances to focus on the retina. The advantage is that patients can see both near and far objects without glasses. However, the brain also needs time to adjust to this new way of seeing. Some patients may experience halos or glare, and vision in dim lighting may be less sharp. Extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) lens:This lens uses optical technology to extend depth of focus, providing continuous vision from far to intermediate distances. It offers smoother vision transitions and tends to cause fewer halos and glare compared with multifocal lenses. Toric lens:For patients with astigmatism, toric lenses can be used—available in monofocal, multifocal, or EDOF versions—to correct astigmatism and improve visual clarity.   Each type of lens has its own advantages and drawbacks. When selecting an appropriate lens, the doctor will consider various factors such as whether the patient prefers not to wear glasses, lifestyle and work needs, and the presence of other eye conditions. For instance, patients with glaucoma or macular disease may not be suitable for multifocal lenses.

Corns from Wearing High Heels — Causes, Treatment, and Prevention Many women develop corns from frequently wearing high heels, which can cause severe pain when walking if left untreated. So what exactly is a corn? Is it contagious? How can it be managed or prevented? This article invites a specialist to answer these common questions for you.   Is a lump on a joint a corn?When the skin experiences prolonged friction or pressure, the outer layer thickens and forms calluses — commonly known as corns. Corns usually develop as a single lesion on areas exposed to pressure, such as the bottoms of the feet, between the toes, or on the outer sides of the little toes. When pressed, they can stimulate nerves and cause pain. Corns are generally divided into two types: hard corns and soft corns. Apperance  Common Locations  Type  Hard corn Pressure points on the sole, tops, or outer sides of toes Round or oval in shape Soft corn Between the toes Softer texture, whitish in color   Corns are typically a few millimeters in size. When the thickened callus penetrates into the dermis, it forms a round or oval core surrounded by a translucent, pale yellow ring.   Why do corns form?Most corns develop from wearing shoes that are too tight or too loose, or from walking with poor posture. High heels in particular increase pressure on the toes, significantly raising the likelihood of developing corns.   How to tell the difference between a corn, a callus, and a wart?Corns and calluses are both caused by repeated friction and are not contagious. Warts, however, are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can spread. Condition Cause  Apperance  Contagious?  Common Locations Corn Repeated friction or pressure causes overgrowth of keratin Small area with a white or translucent center No Soles or toe joints Callus Repeated friction or pressure Larger, flat area without a distinct core No Pressure points on feet or hands Wart Viral infection (HPV) Raised surface with tiny black dots; can multiply through spread Yes Any body part     How to effectively remove corns? If the corn is just beginning to form, try regular foot care first: Soak feet in warm water for about 15 minutes daily. Gently rub the area in circular motions using a pumice stone to smooth the surface. Apply moisturizer afterward. If discomfort or pain occurs, consider one of the following four treatment methods: Corn plasters or medicated solutions:These usually contain salicylic acid and are suitable for mild cases. Since salicylic acid is highly corrosive, it may irritate the surrounding skin, so use with caution and allow a few days between treatments. Most mild corns heal in about a week after proper use.Important: Do not attempt to dig out or cut the corn yourself. Corns extend into the dermis, and trimming them with nail clippers can cause bleeding, tissue damage, or bacterial infection, making the condition worse. Cryotherapy:This treatment sprays liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy superficial tissue. It needs to be done gradually to control the depth of tissue damage and usually requires several sessions. Laser therapy:A common and precise treatment method. Laser therapy removes the keratinized layer without harming nearby tissue, helping the wound heal faster and reducing the chance of recurrence. Surgical removal:For severe or persistent cases, surgical excision may be considered to remove the corn completely.   Do corns always need treatment? When is it necessary?Not always. Mild corns can usually be managed with regular foot care, corn plasters, or ointments. However, if walking causes pain or significant discomfort, medical treatment should be considered.   How to prevent corns? Protecting your feet in daily life is key to prevention: Wear properly fitted shoes. Avoid narrow-toed or non-breathable heels and leather shoes. Choose comfortable cotton socks to protect against friction. Use insoles to reduce pressure and rubbing. Soak and moisturize feet regularly to soften thickened skin. Maintain proper walking posture to avoid prolonged pressure on specific areas of the foot.

There are many causes of sore throat, ranging from the common cold to more serious conditions like influenza or inflammation. While many people tend to overlook a mild sore throat, persistent pain may be caused by inflammation or even malignant tumors — so it must not be ignored.   Why does a sore throat occur? Is it always a sign of a cold? The “throat” generally refers to both the pharynx and larynx — the upper airway area extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and trachea. A sore throat can have many causes, and not all are related to infections. Sometimes, irritation alone can lead to pain: Foreign body: When objects (such as fish bones) get stuck in the throat, they can cause discomfort and soreness. Vocal strain: Overuse of the voice (such as shouting or singing loudly) can inflame the vocal cords, causing hoarseness and pain. Dietary irritation: Alcoholic drinks with high alcohol content or spicy foods can irritate the throat and trigger inflammation. Smoking and air pollution: Cigarette smoke irritates the airways, and so does secondhand smoke. Poor air quality or excessively dry air can also cause throat pain. Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux): When stomach acid flows back into the throat, it erodes the mucous lining, resulting in burning pain. Accidental ingestion of chemicals: Swallowing corrosive or alkaline substances can severely damage the throat’s mucous membranes and cause intense pain. Sore throats caused by irritation usually do not come with other symptoms. However, many sore throats are due to infections. Pathogens can spread through lymphatic fluid or blood, or directly invade throat tissue, causing inflammation, swelling, and in severe cases, pus formation.   What foods or drinks can relieve throat discomfort? At the early stage of a sore throat, the following may help ease discomfort: Cold or warm drinks: If swallowing is painful, drink cold or warm tea (with honey, if preferred). Letting ice melt in the mouth can also relieve pain. However, infants under one year old should not consume honey due to the risk of botulism. Throat lozenges: Lozenges containing menthol provide a cooling effect that soothes irritation. Children or teenagers can also suck on hard candies. Saltwater gargle: Mix half a teaspoon of salt into 240 ml of warm water and gargle to reduce inflammation. Avoid irritants such as spicy or acidic foods and drinks. If these home remedies do not help, over-the-counter medicines like painkillers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — for example, ibuprofen or naproxen — may provide relief. Always consult a pharmacist and follow the dosage instructions carefully.   When should you see a doctor? Seek immediate medical attention if a sore throat is accompanied by any of the following: A foreign object (e.g. fish bone) stuck in the throat causing breathing difficulty. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. A high-pitched sound when inhaling (stridor), which may indicate airway narrowing. A child leaning forward while breathing — a possible sign of epiglottitis, a serious condition blocking the airway. Muffled or “potato-like” speech. Continuous drooling due to difficulty swallowing. Swelling of the tongue or neck. Inability to move the neck or open the mouth. Also, if your sore throat persists and is accompanied by any of the following, visit a clinic for examination: High fever above 38°C or fever that does not subside. Headache, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. Swollen neck lymph nodes. Earache. Rash on the body or “strawberry tongue.” Red, irritated eyes. Presence of pus in the throat.   How is a sore throat treated? Doctors first ensure the airway is clear, then treat pain and accompanying symptoms. If the sore throat is diagnosed as viral or bacterial, appropriate medication will be prescribed. Patients can support recovery by ensuring sufficient rest. Fatigue and weakened immunity can delay healing. Getting enough sleep and reducing stress are essential for strengthening the immune system and alleviating symptoms.   Could persistent sore throat indicate a serious condition? Pharyngitis: Acute pharyngitis is inflammation caused by infection. The throat becomes red, swollen, and painful, often accompanied by fever and headache. Repeated episodes can lead to chronic pharyngitis, causing ongoing discomfort or a foreign-body sensation in the throat, sometimes with coughing. Mumps (Parotitis): Inflammation of the parotid gland (beneath the ears) caused by viral infection spread through droplets. Symptoms include fever, facial swelling and pain, headache, muscle soreness, fatigue, poor appetite, and painful swallowing. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland may cause hormone imbalance — leading to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism — with symptoms like heat intolerance, palpitations, anxiety, sore throat, fatigue, muscle pain, and hoarseness. Tonsillitis: When the tonsils (at the sides of the throat) are infected, they become red, swollen, and in severe cases, develop pus. Patients often experience high fever (up to 39–40°C), severe throat pain, and fatigue. If the infection spreads, it can cause swollen and painful lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsil cancer: A malignant tumor of the tonsil, usually linked to smoking and drinking. Typical symptoms include persistent one-sided throat discomfort or a foreign-body sensation, sometimes with mild pain radiating to the ear. Diagnosis requires biopsy.

Regular Check-ups to Prevent HPV Infection Is HPV a Virus That Only Affects Women? According to the Centre for Health Protection, studies show that up to 75% of sexually active men and women will be infected with HPV (human papillomavirus) at some point in their lives.While condoms can reduce the risk of transmission, they cannot fully cover all genital skin, meaning unprotected areas may still become infected.HPV can remain dormant for years, and the absence of symptoms does not mean you are free from infection.Getting the HPV vaccine early can help prevent infection by the human papillomavirus. However, as the vaccine cannot protect against all HPV strains, regular cervical screening is still necessary to prevent cervical cancer.   What Health Problems Can HPV Cause? Most HPV infections do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they can lead to disease.HPV transmitted through skin-to-skin contact can cause common warts on the hands and feet.Sexually transmitted HPV infects the genital and anal areas, causing genital warts (commonly known as “cauliflower warts”).High-risk HPV strains can lead to cancer over time, including cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer, and anal cancer.   How Can I Know If I Have HPV? There are several tests to check for abnormalities in cervical cells.The most common method is the Pap smear test.Another option is the HPV DNA genotyping test, which can detect the presence of specific high-risk HPV types even before cellular changes occur.   The First Line of Defense Against Cervical Cancer Although Pap smear screening helps detect cell abnormalities, HPV infection can persist silently for years before progressing to cervical cancer.During this stage, Pap tests may not always identify early changes.Early screening using HPV DNA testing can detect the virus itself before it causes abnormal cell growth, offering a more effective way to prevent cervical cancer.   What Can HPV DNA Screening Detect? If HPV is detected:Consult a doctor for further assessment, such as colposcopy, to check for the presence of precancerous cervical cells. If HPV is not detected:This indicates no HPV infection was found in your cervical cells.Nonetheless, you should continue to undergo regular cervical screenings to ensure ongoing protection against cervical cancer.   Do I Need to Get an HPV DNA Test Before Vaccination? Testing before vaccination is not mandatory.HPV DNA testing helps identify early cellular changes caused by existing infection, while the HPV vaccine aims to prevent infection from specific HPV types you haven’t yet contracted.However, for individuals who are already sexually active, a preliminary HPV DNA test can be useful to determine if the cervix is healthy and whether any early treatment is required.

This Father’s Day, Show Love Through Action Dad works hard every day to provide the best life for us so that we can grow up healthy and happy.Now that we’ve become independent, we hope he can enjoy good health, a carefree mind, and a fulfilling life.This Father’s Day, why not turn your care into action by arranging a comprehensive health check-up for your dad?Not sure which tests to choose? Here are some helpful tips:   What Can a Lipid Profile Detect? Since “the three highs” (high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar) are chronic diseases that often go unnoticed, a lipid profile is an effective way to screen for potential issues early.   Is a Prostate Exam Necessary? Many men start experiencing prostate problems in middle age, such as pain or discomfort during urination.Because these are sensitive issues, many suffer in silence.Regular prostate check-ups can effectively detect prostate health concerns early, allowing timely treatment.   Should Dad Get the Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine? Vaccination can effectively prevent shingles and reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia (nerve pain that may follow infection).It is recommended that individuals aged 50 and above receive the shingles vaccine to lower their risk.   Should the Heart Be Checked Even Without Symptoms? As we age, the risk of arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart disease increases.Heart examinations such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or echocardiogram can assess the overall health and function of the heart.   Snoring—A Sign to Consider a Sleep Apnea Test? A sleep apnea screening can effectively detect sleep apnea early to prevent chronic oxygen deprivation to the brain.Early diagnosis also helps reduce the risk of high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease—and may prevent sudden death during sleep.   Why Is a Colonoscopy Important? A colonoscopy is an effective test for detecting colon polyps or early signs of colorectal cancer.Individuals aged 50–75 (born between 1944 and 1970) can participate in the government’s Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme for free testing.   The above information is intended for general reference and does not replace your doctor’s advice.If you have any questions, please consult your family physician.We accept no responsibility for any omission or error in this content.

Show Your Love This Mother’s Day with Care and Health Many people want to show love to their mothers on this special day.Aside from gifts, flowers, or taking her to a nice meal, why not show you care by paying attention to her health?Health is priceless—and safeguarding your mother’s wellbeing is the most meaningful gift you can give. In addition to common concerns like high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure, here’s a list of other important health checks to help you turn love into action this Mother’s Day.   Should She Get a Mammogram or Breast Ultrasound Every Year? Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women in Hong Kong, and its incidence is rising with younger cases being reported.Self-examination may sometimes detect lumps, but by the time symptoms appear, the cancer might have already reached Stage 2.Women aged 40 and above should have a clinical breast exam and ultrasound scan every year, plus a mammogram every two years.A breast ultrasound distinguishes cysts from solid tumors, while a mammogram can detect microcalcifications that may indicate early cancer.Both tests complement each other for more accurate screening.   What Is a DEXA Bone Density Test? Does “Anti-resorptive Injection” Help Maintain Bone Health? Women begin losing bone mass around age 35, and this accelerates after menopause as estrogen levels drop sharply.Osteoporosis produces no obvious symptoms until fractures occur—commonly in the hip, spine, or forearm. Even minor impacts may result in fractures, and spinal collapse can cause back pain, stooping, or height loss. Some handheld bone scanners use ultrasound to measure heel bone density, but these are for screening only, not diagnosis.The standard method is the DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan. Besides calcium, vitamin D, sunlight exposure, and regular exercise, research has identified a naturally occurring protein called osteoprotegerin (OPG) that protects bone mass.The “anti-resorptive injection” mimics OPG to inhibit bone-resorbing cells, helping slow down bone loss and manage osteoporosis.   Should Elderly Mothers Still Get Cervical Screening and the HPV Vaccine? Cervical cancer, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), often has no symptoms in its early stages.By the time vaginal bleeding or abnormal discharge occurs, the disease may already be advanced.Fortunately, cervical cancer is preventable.Even women who are sexually active can gain protection from the HPV vaccine, and regular Pap smears are essential for detecting precancerous cell changes early.   Why Is a Colonoscopy Important? Colorectal cancer has become one of Hong Kong’s fastest-rising cancers and is now the second leading cause of cancer death.While the risk is higher in men, many women are also affected.Polyps in the colon typically take 10 years or more to develop into cancer, and early-stage cases often have no symptoms. The U.S. health authorities and Hong Kong’s Department of Health recommend regular colorectal cancer screening to detect and remove polyps early.If you or your family members are aged 50–75 (born between 1944 and 1970), you may be eligible for subsidized testing under the Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme.   Should Moms Get Vaccinated Against Shingles? Shingles (Herpes Zoster) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus—the same virus responsible for chickenpox.After recovery from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in nerve tissues and can reactivate as immunity declines with age.This causes painful rashes or blisters, usually on one side of the body, particularly on the back or waist. Shingles pain can last for up to four weeks and severely affect daily life.If the infection reaches the eyes or ears, it may cause blindness or hearing loss.Those aged over 50 or who have previously had chickenpox have a higher risk—so vaccinating early can prevent suffering later.   Can Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Injections Relieve Joint Pain? The knee joint bears much of the body’s weight and is prone to wear and tear over time.As cartilage gradually deteriorates with age, symptoms like pain climbing stairs, stiffness, or soreness during weather changes may occur—signs of osteoarthritis. Research shows that hyaluronic acid injections can reduce joint friction, preserve cartilage, and slow degeneration.The procedure is simple: the doctor disinfects the joint area, inserts a fine needle into the space, and injects the hyaluronic acid—usually completed in 15 seconds. Patients can stand and walk immediately afterward. However, HA treatment is temporary—each injection lasts 3 to 6 months and is mainly effective for mild to moderate osteoarthritis.For severe degeneration, joint replacement surgery may be recommended.   This information is for general health awareness and should not replace your doctor’s professional advice.If you have questions, please consult your family physician.No responsibility will be assumed for any omissions or errors in the content.

What is Colorectal Cancer? Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, and in recent years, it has become noticeably more prevalent among younger people.In the past, cases in people under 40 were extremely rare, but now there are reports of men in their twenties being diagnosed with late-stage colorectal cancer. This trend is closely linked to Westernized dietary habits. Colorectal cancer often begins with a small polyp—an abnormal growth on the inner wall of the colon—that can gradually turn cancerous over time.Early detection greatly improves treatment success. According to research by the University of Hong Kong, in Stage 1, cancer cells usually invade only the muscle layer of the colon wall, and the five-year survival rate can exceed 90%. However, by Stage 4, the cancer has often spread beyond the intestine to other organs, reducing the five-year survival rate to about 8%.   Why Should You Take a Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)? In the early stages, colorectal cancer often causes no symptoms or warning signs.The fecal occult blood test is a convenient, non-invasive screening tool that detects hidden (microscopic) blood in stool samples.When a tumor develops in the colon, small amounts of blood—often invisible to the naked eye—may mix with feces as it passes through. Participants can easily collect a small stool sample at home using a provided kit and return it to the clinic for lab analysis.Regular screening is recommended for adults aged 25 and above. A positive result indicates blood was detected but does not necessarily mean colorectal cancer is present. Other conditions—such as gastrointestinal ulcers, polyps, tumors, or hemorrhoids—can also produce positive results. Based on test findings, the doctor may refer the patient for a colonoscopy for further investigation.   Do I Still Need Regular Colonoscopy If I’ve Done the FOBT? Yes. The fecal occult blood test is not 100% accurate.Because only a small portion of stool is sampled and tumors may not bleed consistently, a result showing “no blood detected” does not completely rule out disease. For individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or other high-risk factors/symptoms, doctors may still recommend regular colonoscopy, which provides direct visualization of the colon and higher diagnostic accuracy.   Does the Government Subsidize Colorectal Cancer Screening? Yes.If you or a family member is aged 50 to 75 (born between 1944 and 1970), you are eligible for the government-subsidized Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme, which provides approved testing and follow-up care. More details:Hong Kong Colorectal Cancer Screening Programmehttps://www.colonscreen.gov.hk/tc/public/index.html HKU Research on Cancer Stem Cells Driving Colorectal Cancer Metastasishttps://www.med.hku.hk/f/news/502/810/75.pdf

Many people associate joint pain with ageing and assume it only affects the elderly.That belief is only partially true.   Isn’t Joint Pain Only for Older Adults? Older adults often suffer from degenerative arthritis (osteoarthritis), while middle‑aged people are more likely to experience rheumatoid arthritis. About 60% of people aged 60 and above are affected by osteoarthritis, which is caused by joint degeneration due to ageing. In contrast, rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect middle‑aged adults and is related to immune system disorders.The immune cells become overactive and repeatedly attack the body’s own tissues, leading to inflammation in the joints and muscles. Young, physically active individuals may also suffer joint pain due to improper exercise posture or habits. Office workers who sit for long hours or frequently cross their legs often experience pain in the lower back and knees.   Should People with Joint Pain Avoid Exercise? No. Exercise is beneficial for health, but those with joint pain should take extra care.Here are some important tips: If you have existing joint problems, consult a doctor first to determine which types of exercise are appropriate. Incorrect posture can worsen symptoms. Always warm up properly and stretch your body before starting exercise to prevent post‑workout joint pain. Avoid poor posture—for instance, leaning too far forward while running shifts the body’s centre of gravity and increases stress on the knees and spine. Do not suddenly engage in intense or high‑impact exercise, which increases joint load and may strain or injure muscles around the joints.   Can Joint Pain Be Completely Cured? Appropriate exercise and healthy eating can help relieve joint pain, but complete recovery is unlikely without long‑term effort and proper activity.Most treatments focus on pain management and symptom relief, such as: Performing light, doctor‑recommended exercises targeting specific joints—such as swimming, walking, cycling, or tai chi. Reducing body weight, as excess weight adds pressure to joints, especially the knees and spine. Taking supplements under medical advice, such as glucosamine to strengthen cartilage, and bioactive collagen peptides to help reduce inflammation and ease joint discomfort.

Many people plan to “burn fat” when they see visible fat on their bodies.However, what’s far more dangerous is the invisible fat—visceral fat, which often goes unnoticed but can lead to serious health consequences.   What’s the Difference Between Visceral Fat and Normal Fat? Most people think of body fat as the visible fat found on areas like the arms, abdomen, and thighs.But visceral adipose tissue (VAT) refers to fat stored around internal organs in the abdomen, such as the liver and intestines. This “active fat” releases various hormones and inflammatory chemicals that affect metabolism and increase insulin resistance, which in turn raises the risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders.   How Can I Know If My Visceral Fat Is Too High? Check whether you have central obesity (abdominal fat accumulation) — people with more fat around the waist tend to have higher visceral fat levels.To accurately measure visceral fat, MRI or CT scans are used, though these are primarily for medical research due to cost, time, and radiation exposure. Central obesity can be estimated by your waist-to-hip ratio (WHR): Men: WHR > 0.9 → Central obesity Women: WHR > 0.85 → Central obesity   Is Visceral Fat Only a Problem for Overweight People? No. There are slim-looking individuals with high visceral fat—especially common among Asians.They may appear lean but actually have little muscle mass and high internal fat due to poor eating habits and lack of strength training.Because visceral fat accumulates around internal organs rather than under the skin, it often goes unnoticed, posing hidden health risks.   Are there any Doctor’s Health Tips?  Ignoring high visceral fat for too long can lead to severe illnesses such as: Type 2 diabetes Heart disease Hypertension High cholesterol or triglycerides Cognitive decline Stroke Breast cancer Colorectal cancer To reduce visceral fat and maintain health: Exercise 2 to 3 times a week, engaging in aerobic activities for at least 30 minutes—such as running, cycling, or swimming. Maintain a balanced, low-fat, low-sugar diet. Choose healthy cooking methods like steaming or boiling, and avoid deep-frying, pan-frying, or stir-frying.

Why Are People Afraid of “Cholesterol”? Many people become anxious when they hear the word “cholesterol,” since it is often linked to serious conditions like heart disease, stroke, and vascular blockage.But is completely avoiding cholesterol the right way to stay healthy? And are slim people truly immune from cholesterol problems?   Is It True That “the Lower the Cholesterol, the Better”? No!Cholesterol is an essential substance that helps maintain the structural integrity of cells. It is a type of fat that plays a key role in forming cell membranes, bile, and various hormones, and also helps digest dietary fats. Cholesterol is divided into “good” and “bad” types: People with low good cholesterol (HDL below 1 mmol/L) People with high bad cholesterol (LDL above 3.4 mmol/L) Both groups are at greater risk of developing heart disease. Therefore, cholesterol should neither be too high nor too low — it’s all about maintaining a healthy balance.   Dietary Tips To reduce cholesterol absorption:Eat plenty of fresh fruits and high-fibre foods. To raise good cholesterol (HDL):Consume omega-3 fatty acids, found in deep-sea fish such as salmon or in fish oil supplements. To prevent the buildup of bad cholesterol (LDL):Avoid fatty and high-cholesterol foods such as fatty meat, animal organs, chicken skin, pork knuckles, duck feet, egg yolks, crab roe, hairy crabs, shrimp, oysters, and squid.   Do Slim People Need to Worry About Cholesterol? Yes—everyone should pay attention! Even slim individuals can have high cholesterol levels.About 70% of cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, while only 30% comes from food.Slim people may have genetic factors that cause the liver to produce excess cholesterol or prevent it from breaking down efficiently. If you have a family history of high cholesterol, you must remain cautious—even if you appear slender.   Apart from Medication, How Can You Improve Cholesterol Levels? Start with everyday habits!Doctors frequently emphasize lifestyle adjustments: Maintain a healthy body weight. Eat a low-fat, low-salt, and low-sugar diet. Exercise regularly and stay active. There is no medication more effective than healthy living.Many patients who have committed to these habits have seen improvements in their cholesterol readings within three to six months.

Skincare Products May Contain Harmful Ingredients — Learn How to Read Labels! News about skincare products containing harmful ingredients has become increasingly common.Since most people apply skincare products at least twice a day, that adds up to around 730 applications a year.If your products contain unsafe ingredients, imagine the burden that places on your skin.It’s time to learn how to read ingredient lists and choose the right products for yourself.   With So Many Ingredients, Which Ones Should I Pay Attention To? When selecting skincare products, look out for common irritants and allergens, especially: MIT (Methylisothiazolinone) CMIT (Methylchloroisothiazolinone) These are widely used preservatives but are known to be highly allergenic and may trigger skin reactions.Even people without particularly sensitive skin may develop skin sensitivity or irritation after prolonged use of such ingredients.   What’s the Worst That Can Happen If I Use Products Containing Allergenic Preservatives Long-Term? People with chronic skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, or rosacea—and those prone to contact allergies (for example, allergies worsened by weather changes or exposure to irritants)—should avoid using products containing MIT or CMIT. Severe allergic reactions may cause blistering, skin breaks, redness, or swelling, which can easily lead to bacterial infection if not treated properly.Recovery can take a long time and be difficult to manage.   Do These Harmful Ingredients Affect the Body? Yes.There is now medical evidence that preservatives like MIT and CMIT can negatively impact human health.To avoid potential risks, it is essential to read product ingredient labels carefully and avoid using items that contain allergenic substances or unclear formulations.   Doctor’s Professional Tips Learn how to read ingredient order:Ingredients are listed in descending order by concentration. If a preservative appears near the top of the list, be cautious—it means the product contains more of that ingredient. Understand your skin type:Choose skincare products suitable for your skin type—whether oily, dry, or combination.If you’re trying a new product, test it first on your neck, behind the ears, or on your arm to ensure no allergic reaction occurs before full use. Be cautious with multifunctional products:Skincare products today often claim to moisturize, whiten, and provide anti-aging benefits at the same time.The more functions a product claims to have, the more complex its composition is likely to be.Many women use multiple skincare products daily, which can cause ingredient overlap—so it’s especially important to check and understand what’s inside each one.

Protect Your Skin While Enjoying the Sun As spring and summer approach, don’t forget to protect your skin while having fun under the sun.According to figures from Hong Kong’s Centre for Health Protection, the incidence of skin cancer in Hong Kong has been steadily increasing.Because early skin cancer causes no pain or itching, it can easily go unnoticed.   If a Mole Suddenly Appears, Is It a Sign of Skin Cancer? Changes in moles or the skin’s surface may indicate early signs of skin cancer.Whether a mole is new or long‑standing, if it grows larger, changes color, or becomes damaged, it may have become malignant. You should monitor it closely and consult a doctor promptly. Also, pay attention to reddish patches that persist and don’t fade, or pearly‑looking bumps or tumors on sun‑exposed areas like the face, ears, or back of the hands. These may also suggest skin abnormalities that require medical evaluation.   What Is the ABCDE Rule? Doctor’s Tip: Follow the ABCDE guideline for self‑examination.   A (Asymmetry)： Does the mole look asymmetrical when viewed from all angles? B (Border)： Are the edges irregular or blurred? Most benign moles have smooth, round borders. C (Color) : Is the color uneven or inconsistent? Watch for multiple shades of brown or black. D (Diameter) : Is it larger than 6 mm or growing in size? E (Evolution) : Are there changes in size, color, surface, or symptoms such as pain, itching, or bleeding?   Are People with Fair Skin More Prone to Skin Cancer? One of the major causes of skin cancer is DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Since fair‑skinned individuals have less melanin, their skin absorbs UV rays more easily, increasing cancer risk.People with a family history of skin cancer should also be particularly careful.   Is Sun Protection Unnecessary on Cloudy Days? Ultraviolet radiation includes two main types: UVA and UVB.Both can penetrate clouds and damage skin tissue, leading to DNA damage and skin cancer.UVA rays, in particular, have strong penetrating power—so even when it seems cloudy or overcast, your skin is still being exposed to UV rays. Doctor’s Tip: Always Apply Sun Protection Regular use of sunscreen is one of the most effective ways to prevent skin cancer. When outdoors, wear long‑sleeved clothing to protect uncovered skin. Those who work outdoors for long periods should routinely check their skin for new changes, and consult a doctor immediately if they notice discomfort or suspicious lesions.

How to Tell the Difference Between “Forgetfulness” and “Cognitive Impairment” Ordinary forgetfulness may result from emotional stress, anxiety, or even past brain injury, leading to occasional absent-mindedness or clumsiness. However, cognitive impairment affects daily life more broadly. People may: Struggle to express themselves clearly. Lose control of bodily functions such as urination or defecation. Fail to complete familiar tasks. Forget family members, home addresses, or daily routines.   Quick Self-Check for Cognitive Impairment If you often answer “frequently” to two or more of the following items, you may be showing early warning signs of cognitive impairment.   Never  Occasionally Frequently 1. Unable to recall or mix up names of family and friends       2. Difficulty expressing yourself verbally or finding the right words       3. Forget appointments or follow-up consultations       4. Get lost in familiar places or forget where you are       5. Suddenly unable to handle familiar tasks (e.g., mixing up steps when cooking)       6. Unable to deal with unexpected situations (e.g., leaking water pipes)       7. Forget to turn off the stove, appliances, or tap       8. Confuse the date, forgetting the correct year or month         Note: This self-assessment is for reference only. If you have any concerns, seek medical advice and request professional evaluation as early as possible.   Do Only Older People Get Cognitive Impairment? Not necessarily.While age increases the risk, younger individuals can also develop cognitive impairment.Causes may include: Stroke or reduced blood supply to the brain. Head injuries. Brain vessel blockage or other vascular conditions. Such problems can damage critical cognitive functions like speech and memory. If a family history of early-onset cognitive impairment exists, the risk may be inherited.Genetic abnormalities can cause toxic substances to accumulate in brain cells, leading to cognitive decline.   How to Reduce the Impact of Cognitive Impairment? Prevent cerebrovascular diseaseMaintain good control of blood pressure, blood sugar, cholesterol, and heart health. Managing these “three highs” reduces stroke risk and helps protect brain function. Quit smoking and alcoholBoth can damage brain tissues and raise the likelihood of developing cognitive disorders. Keep your brain activeLearn new skills, play strategic games like chess or mahjong, or read regularly to stimulate brain function and slow cognitive decline. Get early assessmentIf family members under 65 have had cognitive impairment, consult a doctor about genetic testing. Early detection allows better management through diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes.

What Is Sleep Apnea? Sleep apnea is one type of sleep disorder, affecting approximately one in every 20 adults.Patients experience repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, lasting from a few seconds to over a minute.Breathing resumes automatically after waking momentarily, and these interruptions can occur dozens to hundreds of times each night—often without the person being aware of it. According to research, among those diagnosed with sleep apnea in Hong Kong: 40% are men 20% are women   Sleep apnea is generally classified into three main types: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – the most common type, accounting for about 90% of all cases.It occurs when soft tissues around the throat block the airway, narrowing the upper respiratory passage.Most OSA patients are men aged 30 to 60, and the condition often relates to obesity, which causes fat to accumulate around the upper airway and restrict airflow.However, slim individuals can also be affected due to congenital factors such as: Short or recessed lower jaw Elongated uvula Narrow airway Enlarged tongue or tonsils Central Sleep Apnea – caused by a dysfunction in the brain’s control of breathing. Mixed Sleep Apnea – a combination of both obstructive and central types.   What Causes Sleep Apnea? Common contributing factors include: Enlarged tonsils or adenoids Obesity (excess soft tissue growth) Small or recessed jaw Large tongue or vocal fold web Nasal polyps or deviated nasal septum Sleep apnea can affect people of any age or gender, even children. The risk of obstructive sleep apnea increases with: Overweight and obesity Thick neck circumference High blood pressure Narrow airway Male gender Older age Family history of OSA Use of alcohol, sleeping pills, or sedatives Smoking   What Problems Can Obstructive Sleep Apnea Cause?  Long-term obstruction can result in: Headaches Fatigue or daytime sleepiness Poor concentration Insomnia Depression High blood pressure Diabetes Stroke Other cardiovascular diseases   How to Diagnose Sleep Apnea?  i) Epworth Sleepiness ScaleThis self-assessment measures your tendency to doze off during daily activities to determine your level of daytime sleepiness.Self-test link: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Human Health) ii) Sleep Study (Polysomnography)A comprehensive test usually conducted in a hospital.It records and analyzes breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and sleep stages to diagnose sleep apnea and guide appropriate treatment. iii) Belun Ring – At‑Home Sleep Apnea Screening and MonitoringThe Belun Ring is the world’s first medical‑grade wearable sleep monitoring ring, designed and developed in Hong Kong. Features: Medical‑grade reliability Comfortable to wear during sleep Simple and user‑friendly design Developed and patented in Hong Kong (over 15 global patents) Certified under ISO13485 medical quality management system FDA‑approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Winner of the Hong Kong ICT Award (5 categories) and the Red Dot Design Award (Germany)   For enquiries or appointments: Call 2117‑0838

Sleep Apnea Do you often fall asleep while watching TV, reading, attending meetings, or even driving?Has your family ever complained about your loud snoring keeping them awake?If you frequently feel sleepy during the day and have serious snoring problems, you may be suffering from sleep apnea. Snoring occurs when the soft tissues in the upper airway relax during sleep, narrowing the passage and causing vibration as air flows through—producing the snoring sound.The louder the snore, the greater the obstruction.When the airway becomes completely blocked, breathing stops temporarily—this is sleep apnea.Although most people with sleep apnea snore heavily, not all people who snore have sleep apnea.   Why Does Sleep Apnea Occur? Sleep apnea has become increasingly common in Hong Kong.It is estimated that about 4% of men and 2% of women are affected. Patients experience repeated pauses in breathing lasting 10 seconds or more while asleep.Mild cases may have several pauses per hour, while severe cases may experience 20–30 pauses per hour, sometimes over 100 episodes per night. There are three main types of sleep apnea: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – the most common form. Usually affects middle-aged men aged 30–60. Caused mainly by obesity, which leads to fat accumulation around the upper airway, narrowing it and obstructing airflow. Slim individuals can also develop OSA due to congenital factors, such as: Small or recessed jaw Elongated uvula Narrow airway Enlarged tongue Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) – less common and caused by the brain’s failure to send proper breathing signals.It can result from a stroke, heart disease, or certain medications. Mixed Sleep Apnea – a combination of both obstructive and central apnea.   What Are the Risks of Sleep Apnea? Loud snoring can disturb family members’ sleep. Patients often wake up unknowingly many times during the night, preventing deep restorative sleep. This causes daytime sleepiness, fatigue, poor concentration, and a higher risk of accidents—especially when operating machinery or driving. Repeated oxygen deprivation during sleep can cause long-term heart and lung damage, increasing the risk of high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease, and in severe cases, may even lead to sudden death during sleep. Sleep Self-Test – Epworth Sleepiness Scale   What Are the Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?  Loud, intermittent snoring that pauses briefly, followed by louder snoring. Repeated breathing interruptions during sleep (from several times to dozens of times per hour). Breathing through the mouth while sleeping. Waking suddenly with shortness of breath or rapid heartbeat. Morning headaches. Daytime fatigue, sleepiness, poor concentration, and slower reactions. Memory decline. Irritability or mood swings. Decreased sexual function.   How to Diagnosis Sleep Apnea?  A sleep study (polysomnography) can be arranged at a hospital to record and analyze your sleep patterns.Medical professionals use specialized instruments to determine whether you have sleep apnea and recommend suitable treatment.   How to Cure Obstructive Sleep Apnea?  Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)Currently the safest and most effective treatment for mild to severe cases (prescribed by a doctor).The CPAP machine sends pressurized air through a nasal mask to keep the airway open during sleep.While it does not cure sleep apnea, long-term use significantly reduces episodes and improves sleep quality. Oral Appliance (Mouth Guard)Suitable for mild cases.A custom-made dental device worn during sleep pulls the lower jaw forward to reduce airway obstruction.Works best for patients with healthy teeth and jawbone. SurgeryOptions include jaw correction surgery or radiofrequency ablation, suitable for patients who cannot tolerate CPAP.However, the average success rate is about 50%, as some patients have multiple blockage points that surgery cannot fully remove. Weight ReductionLosing excess body fat can significantly improve symptoms. Sleeping on One’s SideMay help in mild cases. Quit Smoking and Reduce Alcohol or Sedative UseTobacco causes swelling in the oral mucosa, while alcohol and sedatives relax muscles, worsening airway blockage.   This content is for informational reference only and does not replace professional medical diagnosis or treatment.If you experience symptoms of sleep apnea, please consult a doctor for evaluation and advice.

Family trips abroad have become increasingly common in today’s society, and many children even go overseas for short-term study tours or long-term education.Parents often worry about how well their children will adapt to a new lifestyle abroad—but far fewer understand the risk of infectious diseases during travel. Children can easily become ill while traveling.Common illnesses such as colds or gastroenteritis are usually mild and resolve on their own.However, some infections—like meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria or mosquito-borne diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis—can have serious or life-threatening consequences.   Should Travelers Also Guard Against Mosquito-Borne Diseases? Many parents assume mosquito-borne diseases only occur in remote or developing regions.In fact, such diseases are found in subtropical destinations like Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. One of the most common is dengue fever.With the popularity of farm-stay and outdoor family activities, the risk of mosquito bites—and thus infection—has increased significantly.Another illness that often goes unnoticed by parents is Japanese Encephalitis (JE). This disease transmits when a mosquito bites an infected animal and then bites a human. JE carries a fatality rate of up to 35%. The virus causes brain inflammation and swelling, damaging brain cells.Early symptoms may appear as high fever, followed by neck stiffness, confusion, coma, or seizures. Even survivors may suffer long-term neurological damage and irreversible cognitive impairment. Countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China have already included the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine in their national immunization programs, though Hong Kong has not yet implemented it.   What Is Meningococcal Disease? Meningococcal meningitis is another serious infection that targets the brain. It spreads through respiratory droplets or contact with nasal or throat secretions from an infected person. Early symptoms include high fever, headache, neck stiffness, and light sensitivity. Patients may also develop purplish skin rashes and, in severe cases, bacterial infection in the bloodstream, leading to shock and death—sometimes within 24 hours. This rapid progression makes meningococcal disease especially dangerous, particularly for travelers unfamiliar with overseas medical systems, where diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. Even with treatment, patients may still suffer long-term complications such as hearing loss, intellectual disabilities, or muscle weakness. Like Japanese Encephalitis, meningococcal disease is vaccine-preventable. Although the vaccine is not part of Hong Kong’s government immunization program, it is included in national programs in Europe, the United States, and Mainland China. Parents are encouraged to speak to their doctor and consider arranging vaccination for their children before traveling.

Stopping Infection Before It Starts Most people have heard of invasive meningitis, but how much do we actually know about it?This serious infection can be caused by several types of bacteria. Among newborns, the most common culprits are Group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Listeria monocytogenes. For infants aged six months and older, invasive meningitis is most often caused by pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), or meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis).   How Dangerous Is Invasive Meningitis? These bacteria are contagious. Children can become infected through contact with an infected person’s nose or throat secretions—such as droplets from sneezing or nasal mucus—especially when their immune system is weakened. Invasive meningitis can lead to serious long-term complications, including permanent hearing loss or intellectual impairment, and may even be fatal. Because its early symptoms are often mild or nonspecific, parents may overlook them, delaying diagnosis and treatment. At the onset of illness, symptoms may include fever and fatigue.   As the disease progresses, the patient may develop high fever, confusion, seizures, neck stiffness, and light sensitivity.If meningococcal bacteria are the cause, purplish skin rashes may appear, which can quickly progress to septicemia (blood poisoning). Since infants cannot describe their discomfort, parents should be especially alert to warning signs such as: Irritability or unusual drowsiness Loss of appetite Persistent fever (mild or high) If these symptoms appear, parents should seek immediate medical attention to rule out meningitis.

What Is Asperger’s Syndrome? Asperger’s Syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger’s Disorder (AD), is a type of developmental disorder in children.It was first identified in 1944 by Austrian pediatrician Dr. Hans Asperger, who observed several children with common but distinctive developmental patterns—such as poor nonverbal communication, lack of empathy toward peers, and awkward or uncoordinated movements. In the widely used medical reference, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‑IV‑TR), Asperger’s Syndrome is categorized under Pervasive Developmental Disorders—a group of conditions that involve abnormalities in social interaction and communication development.   What Are the Key Features of Asperger’s Syndrome?    Social Difficulties This is the most significant feature of AD.Patients struggle to form age‑appropriate social relationships. They tend to prefer being alone, lack social skills, and find it hard to use body language, such as eye contact, facial expressions, or gestures, when interacting with others.They seldom share their interests, experiences, or joy with people around them.They are often less sensitive to social cues, have difficulty understanding emotional reciprocity, and find it hard to take another person’s perspective or discern others’ thoughts and feelings.   Language and Communication Children with AD usually have normal language development in terms of vocabulary and grammar, but their way of speaking may differ from others.They often use unusual tone, volume, or rhythm, which can make their speech sound odd or robotic.Their sentences may seem overly formal or verbose, and they tend to use complex words beyond their age level. They interpret speech literally and struggle to understand ** implied meaning, sarcasm, humor, or metaphors**.During conversations, they often talk only about their own interests, ignoring whether the other person is listening or engaged. Because they fail to recognize nonverbal cues like facial expressions or gestures, others may misunderstand them or even exclude or ridicule them.   Intense or Unusual Interests Children with AD often display deep fascination with topics different from their peers and may focus excessively on them.For instance, a child obsessed with dates may memorize hundreds of historical birth dates but show no interest in people’s actual lives or achievements. Rigidity in Thinking and Behavior Although they possess extensive knowledge, individuals with AD often find it hard to apply or integrate information flexibly.For example, a person who knows all the bus and subway routes might still struggle to find the quickest way from point A to point B.They tend to be stubborn and resistant to change, and may react strongly when routines or rules are disrupted.Arguments with parents, teachers, or peers are common. Some may rigidly follow unnecessary rules and find it difficult to adapt to new situations.   Other Associated Problems Many children with AD have poor coordination and appear clumsy.They may lack focus and organization in handling tasks.Because of their limited social skills, they are more prone to anger, anxiety, and depression, and in some cases may develop aggressive or self‑harmful behaviors.   How to cure Asperger’s Syndrome?  Currently, there is no cure for Asperger’s Syndrome.Medication may be prescribed to relieve anxiety, depression, or hyperactivity, but it does not address the core condition.Psychological therapy and behavioral counseling play a key role in helping patients improve social interaction, while emotional regulation and social skills training are essential components of treatment. Parents inevitably experience stress when raising children with Asperger’s, so professional guidance and family support are critically important. If a child around four to five years old shows signs of rigid behavior, avoidance of peer interaction, or difficulty following school rules, parents should seek professional assessment from a doctor as early as possible. Psychological therapy and behavioral counseling can help children with Asperger’s Syndrome overcome social difficulties.   Paediatric Specialist The information on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor for professional advice and not rely solely on this website’s content.

Scarlet Fever: What Parents Need to Know April marks the seasonal transition, a period when scarlet fever infections become more common—especially among schoolchildren aged 5 to 15, who are the most vulnerable group.Scarlet fever is not a frightening disease; with proper treatment, recovery usually occurs quickly.However, as with any illness, prevention and awareness are essential—especially for parents who should be familiar with key facts about this infection.   Is Scarlet Fever a Bacterial Infection? Scarlet fever is caused by a bacterial infection of Group A Streptococcus and spreads mainly through respiratory droplets.Unlike a common cold, although fever is a symptom, scarlet fever rarely causes a runny nose or cough.Instead, patients often develop a sore throat and a sandpaper‑like rash on the skin. The rash generally does not itch, and with proper antibiotic treatment, it usually fades within about one week after onset.   Are Antibiotics Necessary to Treat Scarlet Fever? Yes. Antibiotics are the primary and most effective treatment for scarlet fever.However, there is a common misconception that antibiotics should be stopped once symptoms improve to avoid “resistance.”This is completely incorrect. Antibiotic misuse happens when antibiotics are taken unnecessarily—such as using them for viral illnesses like the common cold, where there are no bacteria to kill. In contrast, scarlet fever is a bacterial infection, so antibiotics are essential. Doctors typically prescribe a 5‑ to 10‑day course of antibiotics depending on the child’s condition and always remind parents to complete the full course to ensure all bacteria are eliminated from the body.   What Complications Can Scarlet Fever Cause? Doctors emphasize completing the entire course because, although scarlet fever is easily treatable, it can cause serious complications if untreated or inadequately treated.These may include: Middle ear infection (otitis media) Throat abscess Pneumonia Meningitis Damage to the kidneys, liver, or heart Hence, completing the full antibiotic treatment and allowing adequate rest is crucial.   How Can Scarlet Fever Be Prevented? Maintain good personal hygiene and wash hands frequently. Wear a mask when ill, since the infection spreads through respiratory droplets. During spring peak seasons, avoid visiting crowded or high‑risk environments such as children’s play areas or ball pits.   What Should Parents Pay Attention To? Keep indoor air well ventilated, and spend time outdoors for fresh air. If a child is infected, they should stay home from school or daycare until they have been fever‑free and on antibiotics for at least 24 hours. If your child shows any signs of discomfort, seek medical care promptly.With proper treatment, fever usually subsides within one to two days, and the rash will gradually fade within a week.   Paediatric Specialist The information provided on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor for medical advice and should not rely solely on this content.

Haematuria (Blood in Urine) The presence of blood in urine, commonly known as haematuria, is a relatively common clinical symptom.In younger patients, haematuria is often temporary, caused by conditions such as urinary tract infection (UTI).However, if blood in the urine persists, further evaluation is needed to rule out more serious conditions such as kidney stones or glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney filters).In older adults (over 40), haematuria may be associated with benign prostatic enlargement or even malignant tumours in the urinary system.   How Is Haematuria Evaluated and Diagnosed? Urine Test All patients should first undergo urine culture testing to exclude infection-related haematuria caused by UTI.If bacterial growth is detected, treatment with appropriate antibiotics will be prescribed, followed by regular medical follow‑up. Patients are typically re‑examined six weeks later.If blood remains in the urine, further investigations are required, such as: Microscopic examination of the urine specimen to assess for the presence of abnormal cells and cancer risk.   According to the American Urological Association (AUA), risk factors for malignancy in asymptomatic haematuria include: Age > 40 years Current or past smoking Occupational exposure to chemicals or dyes Previous episodes of haematuria Chronic cystitis or other urinary discomfort Overuse of painkillers Prior contrast imaging procedures   Radiological Examinations Common imaging tests include: Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Computed Tomography (CT) Among them, CT Urography (CTU) is considered the first‑line investigation for diagnosing haematuria.It is suitable for most patients, except for pregnant women and those with contrast‑medium allergy. If these standard tests reveal no abnormalities, the patient may have mild glomerular disease, a condition more commonly seen in young to middle‑aged adults.   The information provided on this website is for educational purposes only.Please consult your doctor for professional advice and do not rely solely on this content.

What is Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)?  Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) is mainly transmitted through direct contact with nose or throat secretion of an infected person. It is a kind of bacteria that can cause serious invasive diseases, which usually affects young children. Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) does not cause influenza or flu. In contrary, it commonly presents as meningitis (infection of membranes covering the brain), often accompanied by germ entering the bloodstream. It may also affect other parts of the body, such as the lungs, epiglottis (upper part of the throat), etc. Meningitis can lead to symptoms such as fever and nausea; while epiglottitis can cause symptoms such as drooling and difficulty in breathing.   How to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)? It is suggested that infants should receive a total of 4 Hib vaccinations respectively at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and 18 months after birth, so as to induce development of antibodies in the body and provide protection against bacterial infection.

Why do children need to inject MMR vaccine?  Measles, Mumps and Rubella are infectious diseases that are transmitted by droplets or direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected persons. Therefore, it is recommended all infants and children should receive MMR vaccine, to effectively prevent the above three infectious diseases.   What are the possible side effects after vaccination? Some children may experience fever or skin rash 5 to 12 days after injection, but these symptoms will not persist for long. A minority of children may develop transient swelling of lymph glands, but the cases are very rare.

Mother’s Thumb Syndrome (De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis) Commonly known as "Mommy’s Thumb," De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and pain around the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. Many patients, especially new mothers, experience this due to repetitive thumb and wrist movements, such as holding and caring for an infant. This leads to wrist pain, swelling, and difficulty performing everyday tasks.   What Are the Causes?  Chronic overuse or repetitive thumb and wrist motions. Hormonal changes during pregnancy. Poor wrist and thumb positioning when lifting a baby or performing daily tasks. Certain professions involving frequent thumb use can also be affected.   What Are the Symptoms of acute Mommy’s Thumb?  Wrist pain and tenderness on the thumb side, even when the thumb is at rest. Redness and swelling around the wrist. Severe pain when gripping or rotating the wrist. A sensation of warmth and reduced skin folds around the wrist due to swelling. What Are the Symptoms of chronic Mommy’s Thumb?  Mild swelling with pain occurring mostly during wrist movement or exertion.   How to Perform A Self-check? Extend your arm and make a fist with the four fingers wrapped over the thumb. Gently press the thumb toward the little finger. If this causes or worsens pain around the base of the thumb, it indicates possible Mommy’s Thumb. This is also a thumb muscle stretching exercise. How to Cure Mommy’s Thumb?  Acute cases: Rest and ice application. Elevate the wrist above heart level for about 30 minutes multiple times a day. Chronic cases: Massage forearm muscles. Use heat therapy. Rest the wrist. Perform recommended thumb stretching exercises. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor who may prescribe painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, or topical pain relief creams. Physical therapy may also be recommended. Physical Therapy: Ultrasound therapy, interferential therapy, acupuncture, and magnetic therapy can reduce inflammation and promote tissue healing. Magnetic therapy uses high-frequency magnetic fields to accelerate recovery. Typically, 6–8 treatments for acute cases and 10–12 for chronic ones are required. Exercises: Finger extension strengthening: Use a rubber band around all five fingers, spread them apart for 10 seconds, then relax. Repeat for about 3 minutes, 2–3 times daily. Wrist flexor stretch: Extend the left forearm with the palm facing up, and gently pull the left palm upwards with the right hand, holding 5 seconds. Repeat 20–30 times. Supportive devices: Wear wrist braces and use kinesiology tape to protect injured joints during recovery. Mommy’s Thumb generally improves with rest and appropriate treatment, but persistent pain should prompt further medical evaluation.   Hong Kong Registered Physiotherapist The information on this website is provided for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor regarding surgical methods and not rely solely on the information provided here.

Have you ever experienced stabbing pain in your heel when getting out of bed? If you often stand for long periods or are overweight, this sensation may be familiar and could be a sign of plantar fasciitis. This condition is caused by overuse or injury of the plantar fascia, leading to acute or chronic inflammation. Along with taking anti-inflammatory and pain medication, physical therapy and stretching exercises can promote faster recovery.   Why does plantar fasciitis occur?The fan-shaped plantar fascia is made of thick elastic fibrous tissue. It attaches at the front to the five metatarsal bones and at the back to the inner heel bone, tightening the foot and heel to form the arch. The plantar fascia helps maintain the foot arch, absorb shocks during walking, and provide elasticity and torsion. However, inflammation can be caused by: Prolonged standing, obesity, or excessive walking leading to abnormal foot pressure and overuse or injury of the plantar fascia, sometimes thinning the heel fat pad, causing acute or chronic inflammation. Flat feet reduce the arch height, causing overuse and inflammation. Some patients with heel bone spurs have thicker plantar fascia than usual. Spinal or pelvic issues, such as unequal leg length or lumbar disc herniation, cause uneven weight-bearing on the legs.   What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?Symptoms are distinct, including stabbing heel pain when putting weight on the foot after getting out of bed, intermittent pain during walking which may lessen after about 30 minutes but worsens after walking for two to three hours, and swelling with tenderness on the inner plantar side.   How is plantar fasciitis treated with physical therapy?Besides medications and steroid injections prescribed by doctors for pain and inflammation, physical therapy accelerates recovery. Physiotherapists assess the patient’s condition and provide individualized treatment depending on acute or chronic phase, including magnetic therapy, ultrasound, interferential current, heat, and cold therapy. Six to eight sessions are typical for acute cases, while chronic cases may require 10 to 12 sessions, supplemented with appropriate stretching exercises.   How can I prevent plantar fasciitis?Calf stretches relax calf muscles and reduce excessive pull on the plantar fascia. For example, support yourself with both hands on a wall, place the affected leg behind you, and lean forward to feel a gentle stretch. To stretch calves, stand on the edge of stairs with the front of both feet while keeping knees straight, lower the heels below stair level, and push the body downward.   Daily care and prevention include: Avoid prolonged standing and walking to reduce foot pressure. Minimize barefoot walking. Avoid walking on hard floors or forceful stepping. Wear cushioned shoes or use appropriate arch-support insoles. After walking, apply ice to the heel for about 15 minutes to diminish inflammation.   Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistInformation on this website is for educational use only.You should consult your doctor regarding surgical methods and not rely solely on website information.

Is “Computer Shoulder” Real?! - Upper Crossed Syndrome Lately, the term “computer shoulder” frequently appears in TV ads, but does this condition really exist? For those working long hours from 9 to 5 plus overtime, long periods of computer use combined with poor posture often lead to neck and shoulder pain and muscle tension. Studies find that about 60% of computer users experience shoulder or neck discomfort. However, medically speaking, there is no such condition as “computer shoulder.” What advertisements refer to is most likely Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS). When sitting in front of a computer monitor for long hours, it is natural to extend your neck, hunch your back, and even raise your shoulders. Typical signs include:This poor posture not only makes you appear less confident but causes severe muscle pain in the shoulders and neck, making simple actions like looking up or raising your hands uncomfortable. Over time, it may even accelerate cervical spine degeneration.   How to Prevent Neck and Shoulder Discomfort?Try these tips to reduce computer-related shoulder and neck discomfort and help overcome Upper Crossed Syndrome: TIPS 1: Start with Improving Your PostureAccording to Harvard University, posture improvement is crucial. Make an effort to strengthen the weaker muscles mentioned earlier: Pull your chin back – activate deep neck muscles Keep your chest out and spine straight – engage lower back muscles Remember to keep shoulders relaxed. Rest your arms on the desk or chair armrests to reduce shoulder strain. Maintaining this good posture consistently can make shoulder or neck pain much less likely! TIPS 2: Adapt Your Environment Harvard also warns that improper monitor height, causing the neck to jut forward, can cause muscle strain or even damage to cervical vertebrae, nerves, and intervertebral discs. Check your monitor position—its top should be level with your eyes. Support your lumbar spine using cushions or chairs with lumbar support to prevent slouching and help maintain chest posture, improving UCS symptoms. TIPS 3: Take Regular Breaks and MoveEven with good posture and an optimized workspace, prolonged computer use strains your shoulders and neck. Change position every 15 minutes. Get up, drink water, walk to the restroom to give your shoulders and neck a break. Perform simple exercises to relax your muscles: Shoulder and neck stretches: 10 reps per side, hold each for 10 seconds Chest stretches: open arms wide, hold for 10 seconds Strengthen deep neck muscles Strengthen shoulder blades and back muscles: use water bottles as dumbbells, pull hands backward, hold 5 seconds, 10 reps Follow these three tips, and Upper Crossed Syndrome will become a thing of the past!   Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor regarding surgical methods and not solely rely on this website’s information.

Whether you are a white-collar worker or a laborer, you’ve probably experienced occasional back or waist pain. In fact, back pain affects people from all walks of life. Maintaining good posture and performing regular stretching exercises can help relieve and prevent discomfort. However, if you experience symptoms such as sciatica or numbness in the legs, it is important to seek medical evaluation to identify the underlying cause. Doctors may recommend physical therapy for those who need it.   Causes of Back Pain Back pain is a common ailment in urban life. Even retirees and homemakers who don’t work long office hours may experience stiffness or discomfort in the lower back. Causes include falls, lifting heavy objects, overwork, poor posture, bone spurs, and age-related degeneration of the spine. Some patients with kidney disease or osteoporosis may also suffer from back pain. Structure of the Lower Back Protecting the spine is crucial because the lower back has a complex structure composed of the sacrum (tailbone), five lumbar vertebrae, and two pelvic bones, all connected by ligaments and muscles. Between each vertebra are intervertebral discs, blood vessels, and spinal nerves. The nerves that branch out from the lumbar spine control movement and sensation in the legs. Therefore, pain or numbness in the legs can sometimes originate from problems in the lower back.   Symptoms of Back Pain Muscle soreness in the lower back or legs, stiffness, and reduced range of motion Sharp pain when coughing or sneezing Sciatica or femoral nerve pain Compression of spinal nerves may cause weakened reflexes, muscle fatigue, or numbness in the legs   Treatment and Care For chronic back pain, apply heat or use medicated pain-relief patches. For acute pain, use ice packs to reduce inflammation. If symptoms such as numbness or persistent pain continue, consult a doctor. The doctor will perform an examination, and possibly X-ray or MRI imaging, to determine the cause. Treatment may include painkillers, topical medications, and physical therapy if needed.   Physical Therapy for Back Pain Depending on the patient’s condition, physical therapists may use: Heat therapy: Applying a heating pad to relax muscles. Interference (electrical) therapy: Uses special electrical waves to block pain signals to the brain, improve circulation, and relax tissues. Traction therapy: Applies controlled weight to relieve nerve compression in the lower back. Ultrasound therapy: Promotes blood flow and relaxes muscles and tendons using sound waves.Typically, acute pain requires 6–8 sessions, while chronic cases need around 10–12. Manual joint adjustment: Helps realign displaced vertebrae. Exercise therapy: Gentle stretches such as: Lying face down and pushing up the upper body with the hands (cobra stretch). Lying on the back with knees bent, gently rocking from side to side.(Repeat each movement ten times.) Acupuncture therapy Posture training   Prevention Tips Wear a lumbar support belt if necessary. Maintain proper posture: The spine naturally forms two S-shaped curves. Poor posture exaggerates or flattens these curves and accelerates degeneration. When standing, keep your chest up, shoulders relaxed, and back straight. When sitting, place both feet flat on the floor, sit upright against the chair back, and avoid crossing your legs. Adjust chair and desk height appropriately. Use a firm, supportive mattress when sleeping, whether lying on your back or side. When lifting heavy objects, keep your back straight and use your legs to lift—use a cart if needed. Maintain a healthy weight. Pregnant women should pay attention to proper posture. Do regular exercises, such as lying flat and alternately pulling each knee to the chest ten times per side, to relax lower back muscles.   Registered Physiotherapists in Hong KongThe information provided on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult a doctor about medical treatments and not rely solely on online information.

5 In 1 Vaccine & 6 In 1 Vaccine  What are the differences between 5 In 1 Vaccine & 6 In 1 Vaccine ?    5in1 Vaccine(DTaP-IPV/Hib) 6in1 Vaccine(DTaP-IPV-HBV-Hib) PreventableDiseases ．Diphteria．Tetanus．Pertussis．Polio．Hib ．Diphteria．Tetanus．Pertussis．Polio．Hib．Hepatitis B 2 kinds of mixed vaccines have adopted non-cellular formula. It can effectively prevent infants from being infected by Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Poliomyelitis and Haemophilus Influenzae. Type B (Hib). 6 in 1 is plus hepatitis B all rolled into 1 vaccine. Compare with the injection of traditional vaccines, these mixed vaccines can reduce total number of doses greatly and thereby help infants to alleviate with discomfort and pain related to vaccinations in order not to get parents worry.

What is Pneumococcal Infection?  Pneumococcal infection represents a wide range of diseases caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae / pneumococcus). More than 90 serotypes have been identified. It can be transmitted by droplet spread and contact with respiratory secretions; direct contact is another way of transmission. S.pneumoniae causes a wide spectrum of diseases, including: meningitis: it is a severe type of pneumococcal infection and usually presents with fever, stiff neck and mental confusion, causing long-term problems, such as hearing loss, or even death; pneumonia: it commonly presents with fever, shortness of breath, chills and productive cough, and may result in death in severe cases; and otitis media: it presents with fever, ear pain with or without ear discharge, and may lead to hearing loss in recurrent cases. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) A. Why get vaccinated? Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) can effectively protect against severe invasive infections due to the serotypes of S. pneumoniae contained in the vaccine. Children aged below 2 years are at risk to severe invasive pneumococcal infection (i.e. meningitis, bacteraemic pneumonia and septicaemia) and are advised to get vaccinated.  In Hong Kong, PCV13 (vaccine consisting of antigens against thirteen pneumococci serotypes) is included in the Hong Kong Childhood Immunisation Programme.  The Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases recommends individuals aged 2 to 64 years with certain high risk conditions* to receive 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharideas well as PCV 13.  For more details, please refer to the following link: *High risk conditions include: History of invasive pneumococcal disease Immunocompromised states: Asplenia, HIV /AIDS , primary immunodeficiency Immunodeficiencies related to malignancies and transplantation Immunodeficiencies related to use of immunosuppressive drugs / systemic steroid Chronic disease Chronic cardiac, pulmonary, liver or renal disease Diabetes mellitus or Cerebrospinal fluid leakage With cochlear implants (Essential hypertension per se is not considered as a high risk condition) Different factors such as age and clinical condition may affect the risk of pneumococcal disease. Patients with high-risk conditions should discuss with their attending doctors on the most appropriate vaccination regimen. B. When should my child get vaccinated? A child is advised to receive 3 doses of PCV13 in the first year of life (at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months old), and another booster dose at 12 months old. C. The following individuals should NOT receive PCV serious allergic reaction to previous dose of PCV serious allergic reaction to diphtheria toxoid containing vaccine D. What are the side effects? Most people have no serious reactions after receiving PCV.   Occasionally there may be mild fever (usually occur within 3 days after vaccination) or slight redness or swelling around the injection site, but these will gradually subside in a few days. If fever or discomforts persist, or abnormal breathing is observed, please consult a doctor immediately. E. How many types of PCV are available in HK and what are their protection? There are more than 1 type of PCV available in the market of Hong Kong but no one PCV can cover all serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Personal and environmental hygiene are important measures in preventing pneumococcal infection.  

What is Hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is a type of viral hepatitis that can cause acute hepatitis and may lead to chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis and liver cancer. The incubation period ranges from six weeks to six months. Approximately 5–10% of adults and 70–90% of infants infected with Hepatitis B fail to clear the virus completely and become chronic carriers, serving as sources of transmission.   Is Hepatitis B prevalent?Hepatitis B infection occurs worldwide, with over two billion people having been infected; about 350 million are chronic carriers. It is endemic in Southeast Asia, and Hong Kong has a moderate infection rate.   How is Hepatitis B transmitted?The virus is present in high amounts in the body fluids of infected persons, mainly blood, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal secretions. Transmission routes include: Mother-to-child contact: Around childbirth or infancy, infected mothers can transmit the virus to their babies, with a transmission rate as high as 90%. This is the primary route in highly endemic areas like Hong Kong and China. Blood contact: Through cuts, abrasions, mucous membranes contacting infected blood or secretions, sharing needles for drug use, improper sterilization of tattoo, piercing, or acupuncture instruments, and sharing personal items like razors or nail clippers that may cause skin damage. Sexual contact: Unprotected sexual activity with infected persons.   How to prevent Hepatitis B?Hepatitis B is a bloodborne disease; preventive measures align with other blood transmissible diseases: Careful wound cleaning and dressing. Wearing gloves and disinfecting contaminated objects with household bleach when handling blood or bodily fluids. For blood-contaminated surfaces or objects: Clean with absorbent disposable material, then disinfect with a 1:4 bleach-to-water solution for 10 minutes before rinsing. For blood-stained clothing: Soak in a 1:49 bleach-to-water solution for 30 minutes before washing. For bodily fluid contamination: Clean with absorbent material then disinfect with 1:49 bleach solution for 30 minutes before rinsing. Avoid sharing razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, syringes, or needles. Avoid tattoos, acupuncture, eyebrow embroidery, mole removal unless disposable or properly sterilized equipment is used. Reduce the number of sexual partners, practice safe sex with condoms, and if a partner is infected, get vaccinated promptly. Vaccination:The most effective prevention is the Hepatitis B vaccine, requiring three doses (first and second doses one month apart, second and third doses five months apart). After full vaccination, 90–95% develop lifelong protective immunity. Blood tests before vaccination determine eligibility—only those never infected receive the vaccine.   Who should get vaccinated? Newborns Family members and sexual partners of infected individuals Injection drug users Frequent recipients of blood or blood products Patients on dialysis Healthcare workers exposed to blood or body fluids Can chronic Hepatitis B be cured ? Chronic carriers should have regular medical checkups, including liver function and related tests, and periodic liver ultrasounds. Antiviral medications like entecavir and tenofovir suppress viral replication to reduce liver damage. Immunosuppressive treatments are carefully managed by doctors.   Source: https://www.info.gov.hk/hepatitis/english/hep_b_set.htm

What is colorectal cancer?According to the 2009 statistics from the Hospital Authority’s Hong Kong Cancer Registry, colorectal cancer ranks second among all cancers in Hong Kong in terms of incidence and mortality. Colorectal cancer primarily develops from intestinal polyps through a process that can be symptomless and takes about 10 years. Early detection and removal of polyps can reduce the chance of progression to cancer. Therefore, it is recommended that people aged 50 or above undergo regular colonoscopy screenings. Those with a family history of colorectal cancer or other high-risk factors should consider earlier screening (from age 40 or 10 years before the relative’s diagnosis) and more frequent examinations for prevention. What is a colonoscopy?Colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the lower digestive tract using a soft tube about 1.3 cm in diameter with a camera at the tip. It examines areas including the terminal ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, and anus to detect tumors, polyps, inflammation, or bleeding. If needed, doctors may take tissue samples for biopsy or remove polyps during the procedure. Since most colorectal tumors develop from polyps, early detection and polyp removal help reduce disease incidence. As such, colonoscopy is an effective colorectal cancer prevention method. Who should get a colonoscopy? People aged 50 and older Those with a family history of colorectal cancer Individuals with a history of colorectal polyps People with chronic diarrhea Those with blood in the stool People with changes in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea)   What preparation is needed before a colonoscopy? The bowel must be thoroughly cleaned for clear observation, so patients take prescribed laxatives before the procedure. Patients with diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, those on low-salt diets, taking medications, or pregnant or breastfeeding women should inform healthcare providers and follow guidance carefully. Details of all medications, especially those affecting blood clotting or allergies, should be provided. Avoid high-fiber foods 3 days before the exam. Only consume liquids 1 day before the exam. Drink clear, fiber-free drinks up to 4 hours before the exam. Arrive 30 minutes early. Bring a companion—do not drive yourself home. For same-day gastroscopy, fast from solid and liquid foods for 6 hours beforehand. Healthcare staff will explain the procedure and risks, and patients must sign a consent form.   What is the procedure like? Remove metal objects, jewelry, or dentures. Lie on your side with knees bent. Sedation is given through an IV; the procedure usually takes 30–60 minutes depending on complexity. Afterward, rest in the recovery room until sedation wears off. Due to sedation, it’s safest to have a companion for the trip home. Avoid eating for 1–2 hours post-procedure. Some abdominal bloating or mild discomfort may occur. If bleeding, severe pain, or other serious symptoms occur, seek emergency care immediately.   This content is for educational purposes only. Please consult your doctor for personalized medical advice.

Many mothers in Hong Kong juggle work, childcare, and household chores daily, making them like superheroes who seem to do it all. However, prolonged repetitive work, physical strain during pregnancy, or a backward shift in center of gravity while walking can easily lead to sciatica. What exactly causes sciatica? What are the symptoms? How is it treated? And if pregnant, will it affect the baby? Let's explore these questions. How can you test if you have sciatica? Strictly speaking, sciatica is a symptom caused by nerve root compression due to herniated discs, degeneration, bone spurs, or deformities in spinal nerve canals. This results in pain originating in the lower back that radiates through the buttocks to the thigh or calf. Severe cases may cause numbness and weakness in the lower limb. Sometimes lower back pain is mistaken for a strain or sprain that typically resolves in 3–5 days. For recurring pain, the "straight leg raise" test helps identify sciatica. This test is also suitable for pregnant women up to 27 weeks. Straight Leg Raise Test (Modified Shovel Test)Lie flat on your back and lift one leg straight up. Normally, a person can raise their leg 60–90 degrees without pain. If pain occurs around 20 degrees of elevation, seek medical advice promptly. Can heat therapy effectively relieve pain?Many mothers worry about sciatica during pregnancy. Around 27 weeks, as the baby develops and body weight increases, added strain on the lumbar spine can cause sciatica. Generally, pain eases after the baby is born, so many mothers endure this discomfort. If you experience pain, inform your doctor early. Using a warm compress or soaking in warm water for 15 minutes can help. Also, try these gentle exercises to relax back muscles: Leg KicksSit on a chair and slowly kick one leg upward, feeling a stretch. Repeat 5 times, holding each kick for 10 seconds. Cat and Camel ExercisePlace hands straight on the ground, keep back level, knees bent on a mat. Slowly lift head, arching the spine forward and hold 3–5 seconds. Then slowly arch backward and hold 3–5 seconds. Repeat 6–10 times. Stop exercises immediately and consult a doctor if discomfort occurs. Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor regarding surgical options and not rely solely on this information.

What is scoliosis? Can people with scoliosis exercise? Will having scoliosis affect fertility? Is carrying a heavy school bag the cause of scoliosis? Parents face many questions and often feel anxious and worried. Generally, scoliosis is not life-threatening, but daily care is important. It is a misconception that people with scoliosis should avoid exercise; in fact, they should exercise more.   How is scoliosis defined?Scoliosis is defined as a spinal curvature of 10 degrees or more. Normally, the spine forms a straight vertical line, but signs such as uneven shoulders, asymmetrical ribs, uneven pelvis, or frequent neck and back pain indicate a high likelihood of scoliosis.   Will scoliosis affect future fertility?Data shows females are more affected by scoliosis, about 80%, so parents often worry if it will affect fertility. The answer is no, provided the individual does targeted stretching and muscle strengthening exercises to prevent worsening of curvature angles. Scoliosis can cause fatigue and affect cardiopulmonary function. Its appearance may draw attention. After diagnosis, regular monitoring and strengthening of back and abdominal muscles to relax tight muscles are important, along with attention to posture. Wearing an orthotic brace may be necessary as corrective treatment.   Should one see a chiropractor or physiotherapist?Both can treat scoliosis. Chiropractors focus on manual therapy, while physiotherapists emphasize exercise-based correction. They are not mutually exclusive; parents should choose trusted professionals. When is surgery needed? Mild: 10–25 degrees Moderate: 26–40 degrees Severe: over 40 degrees (surgery required) Advice:Scoliosis causes fatigue, cardiopulmonary impact, and visible deformity. Regular monitoring, back and abdominal muscle strengthening, posture awareness, and orthotic braces if required are crucial.   Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor regarding surgical options and not solely depend on this website.

What are the symptoms of cervicogenic headache?Cervicogenic headaches typically present as unilateral or sometimes bilateral pain, often more pronounced on one side. The pain is usually described as tension-like, pressure, or dull ache, and is accompanied by neck pain and stiffness. The pain often starts at the suboccipital area (base of the skull) and radiates to the temporal (above the ear), frontal (forehead), or periorbital (around the eyes) regions, and sometimes may extend to the same side’s arm. The symptoms often worsen with neck rotation, tilting, or maintaining the same posture for prolonged periods. Unlike migraines, the pain is usually not pulsating and usually lacks nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, or visual aura.   What causes the symptoms?The nerves from the upper cervical spine segments (C1 to C3) converge with sensory nerves from areas around the back of the head, temples, forehead, eye sockets, and temporomandibular joint in the trigeminal spinal nucleus before entering the brain. If joints, discs, muscles, fasciae, or other soft tissues around the upper cervical spine cause irritation or pain, the brain can misinterpret this as pain originating from the head or face regions—similar to how heart pain may radiate to the chest, arm, neck, or jaw due to nerve convergence.   How is cervicogenic headache diagnosed?Diagnosis includes evaluating headache characteristics, onset, and medical history along with clinical assessments: Posture assessment: Looking for forward head posture or rounded shoulders (see Upper Crossed Syndrome). Neck movement assessment: Reduced rotation on one side is common, as the C1 and C2 vertebrae account for over half of neck rotation. Muscle and soft tissue examination: Tightness or tenderness in suboccipital or paraspinal muscles, with trigger points referring pain to the head or arm. Cervical joint examination: Assessment of facet joint mobility and restrictions, treated with mobilization or manipulation to restore normal movement. Muscle strength testing: Weak deep neck flexors and back muscles worsen posture and increase joint and muscle strain. Imaging: X-rays, CT, or MRI may be necessary to exclude other conditions.   How is cervicogenic headache treated? Physical therapy modalities: Includes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), cryotherapy to reduce inflammation and swelling, low-level laser therapy to relieve pain and enhance circulation, ultrasound therapy to relax tissues and reduce inflammation. Manual therapy: Mobilization or manipulation to free restricted joints and relax tight muscles. Soft tissue release: To loosen adhered fascia and muscles and relieve trigger points. Rehabilitation exercises: Stretching tight, shortened muscles. Strengthening muscle coordination, control, strength, and endurance. Posture correction to improve awareness and reduce poor postural habits.   When to seek immediate medical attention?Sudden severe headaches, worsening headaches over time, associated fever, neck stiffness, skin rash, head trauma, or visual changes require urgent medical evaluation. Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational purposes only.You should consult your doctor about surgical methods and not rely solely on this website.

What harms can high heels cause?People without immunity to Hepatitis A or B, who have never received vaccination and are at risk of infection, should be cautious.   Harm 1: Toe DeformationMedical studies have long proven that wearing high heels over time can deform toes and the soles of the feet. Pointed shoes exert great pressure on the big toe, causing enlargement of the joint beside the big toe (Bunion). Severe cases lead to overlap of the big toe and second toe (Hallux Valgus Deformity), requiring surgery. Toe deformation is not only unsightly but also painful, affecting walking and should be prevented.   Harm 2: Calf Muscles EnlargementKorean researchers found young women wearing high heels walking 5 hours daily more than 6 days a week have calves twice as muscular as women wearing flats. High heels keep the rear calf muscles tight for prolonged periods; the higher the heel, the tighter the foot, making calves appear thicker. This is how “radish legs” form.   Harm 3: SwellingBlood circulation in feet depends largely on heel movement. Walking on tiptoes in high heels reduces heel motion and blood flow, causing foot swelling. A Brazilian university warned this could impair heart health long-term.   Harm 4: Premature AgingInitially, you may feel soreness in knees, thighs, and lower back. Over time, prolonged pressure leads to wear and degeneration. Scientific studies link high heels to knee osteoarthritis and low back disorders. This implies loving fashion over health may cause premature aging. As a woman, giving up high heels forever may be impossible. Balance is key: reduce walking time in heels and avoid very high heels to protect your health. Hong Kong Registered PhysiotherapistThe information on this website is for educational use only.Consult your doctor about surgical options and do not rely solely on this site.