Education Corner

A tumor marker is not a “cancer diagnosis certificate.” It refers to specific proteins or substances found in the blood or body fluids that often appear elevated in cancer patients. These markers help doctors suspect, monitor, or track the progression of cancer.   What does a high value mean? These markers are actually molecules that normal cells also produce, but cancer cells may release them in greater quantities or in abnormal forms. When the value rises above the normal range, it acts like a red flag—signaling that further investigation may be needed. If your tumor marker level is high, don’t panic—several non-cancerous conditions can cause mild to moderate increases, such as: Inflammation (hepatitis, gastritis, pneumonia) Benign growths (liver cirrhosis, uterine fibroids, prostate enlargement) Pregnancy Smoking On the other hand, some early-stage cancers or certain tumor types may not cause tumor marker elevation. For example, many patients with early breast or ovarian cancer still have normal CA125 or CA15-3 readings.   What can tumor markers reflect? Tumor markers can serve multiple purposes beyond aiding diagnosis: Diagnostic aid: Elevated values suggest possible malignancy; combined with imaging, they improve accuracy (e.g., high AFP may indicate liver cancer). Cancer staging and metastasis risk: Higher concentrations often correlate with tumor burden, which may indicate advanced disease or metastasis risk. Treatment monitoring: A decreasing marker value indicates treatment effectiveness—for instance, a 50% drop in CEA suggests successful chemotherapy. Predicting drug response: Genetic markers (like EGFR mutations) can anticipate targeted therapy effectiveness; high PD-L1 levels suggest suitability for immunotherapy. Early screening: Certain markers (like PSA for prostate cancer) help screen high-risk groups, though sensitivity is limited and should not be used alone.   Which tumor markers should I check? Marker Common related cancers AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Liver cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) Colorectal, rectal, gastric, lung, and breast cancers CA125 Ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers CA15-3 / CA27.29 Breast cancer (especially metastatic) CA19-9 Pancreatic, biliary tract, colorectal, gastric cancers PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) Prostate cancer CYFRA 21-1 / NSE Lung cancer (especially squamous cell and small cell types) SCC-Ag (Squamous cell carcinoma antigen) Cervical, head and neck, esophageal, and squamous lung cancers     Each cancer type has its corresponding markers, but it’s important to remember that tumor markers are only supplementary tools.They cannot confirm or rule out cancer by themselves. Doctors typically rely on imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound) and tissue biopsy (pathology) for definitive diagnosis.Even if your marker levels are normal, it’s still essential to undergo regular screenings, such as colonoscopy, mammogram, and Pap smear, to help with early cancer prevention.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All programs can be purchased through the Human Health eShop.For inquiries, please call the service hotline at 2397 2111.

Don’t panic if your tumor marker result is abnormal! An abnormal tumor marker reading doesn’t necessarily mean you have cancer. Tumor markers only indicate the risk of cancer—it cannot confirm a diagnosis on its own.   What are tumor markers? Tumor markers are proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer.Common examples include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for liver cancer, cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) for pancreatic cancer, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer. Doctors check these marker levels through a simple blood test. If the levels exceed the normal reference range, it may suggest a higher cancer risk—but it cannot independently confirm cancer.   Common tumor markers and related cancers AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein): Liver cancer, testicular cancer CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen): Colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer PSA (Prostate-specific antigen): Prostate cancer CA125: Ovarian cancer, breast cancer CA19-9: Pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer CA15-3: Breast cancer CYFRA 21-1 / NSE: Different types of lung cancer SCC (Squamous cell carcinoma antigen): Head and neck cancer, cervical cancer   Do I need a tumor marker test? It is generally recommended for: Individuals over 40 Those with a family history of cancer High-risk groups, such as smokers The test helps assess cancer risk, monitor treatment effectiveness, and track recurrence.However, keep in mind: False positives may occur due to inflammation or benign conditions. False negatives may occur if the cancer is still in its early stage.Because of this, tumor marker results should be interpreted together with imaging scans or genetic tests for a more accurate assessment. There are many health screening programs that include selected tumor marker panels as additional risk assessments for healthy individuals.If you’re unsure which markers are most relevant to your personal health risks, consult your doctor for recommendations.   Cancer risk assessment programs available at Human Health eShop   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop.If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

Many people talk about doing ctDNA, which actually uses ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA) detection technology to analyze tumor DNA fragments in the blood, serving as a method for early or ultra-early cancer screening. Thus, ctDNA is no longer just a laboratory tool but has become a powerful weapon in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. This test only requires drawing a few milliliters of blood to detect traces of tumor DNA released into the bloodstream, regarded as a "liquid biopsy." In recent years, it has become increasingly recommended in private medical centers, especially suitable for regular health tracking under Hong Kong's high-pressure lifestyle.   Where does ctDNA screening excel? Here are 3 major advantages! High SensitivityStudies show that ctDNA can detect extremely low concentrations of tumor DNA, with sensitivity up to 99.8%, enabling earlier detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) than traditional imaging, with low risks of false positives and missed diagnoses. Low Invasiveness, No RadiationIt only requires a single venous blood draw, without surgery or radiation exposure, making it ideal for high-risk groups to regularly monitor treatment effects or recurrence risks, with a comfortable and quick process. Broad Application, Suitable for Multiple CancersApplicable to solid tumors like breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and liver cancer for screening and personalized treatment guidance, it comprehensively reflects tumor heterogeneity, more precise than single tumor markers. Why has ctDNA suddenly become mainstream? Mature Liquid Biopsy TechnologyRecent advances in ctDNA NGS (next-generation sequencing) have allowed blood tests to replace some tissue biopsies. Post-pandemic, acceptance of biotech has risen, with widespread medical adoption in precision medicine. Complement to Traditional MethodsPreviously reliant on tumor markers like CEA and AFP, which are easily affected by inflammation, and CT/MRI struggling with early small tumors; ctDNA provides complementary high precision, more reliably predicts recurrence, and reduces unnecessary treatments. Especially Suitable for High-Risk GroupsFor those with cancer family history, advanced age, smoking, obesity, or long-term pollutant exposure, Hong Kong doctors often recommend including it in checkups, particularly practical in liver cancer high-incidence areas. ctDNA vs mRNA: Which is Better for Cancer Screening?While mRNA tests focus on analyzing messenger RNA expression patterns from blood cells to identify potential cancer signals through gene activity profiles, ctDNA directly detects actual tumor-derived DNA fragments circulating in the bloodstream, offering superior specificity for solid tumor monitoring and earlier recurrence prediction. ctDNA excels in real-time tracking of treatment response and minimal residual disease with higher sensitivity (up to 99.8%), whereas mRNA may be more prone to non-specific signals from inflammation or other conditions. For comprehensive cancer risk assessment, especially in high-risk individuals, ctDNA is strongly recommended as the more precise, actionable "liquid biopsy" tool—making it the preferred choice over mRNA for proactive health management.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All programs can be purchased through the Human Health eShop.For inquiries, please call the service hotline at 2397 2111.

There are many types of cancer screening methods available — but what exactly sets them apart? Can any test tell you with 100% certainty whether you have cancer?Let’s take a closer look at two major types of blood-based cancer screening: Cancer Marker Tests, mRNA and ctDNA Testing. The first helps with preliminary risk assessment, while the second focuses on ultra-early detection.They differ in principle, accuracy, and target users — and combining both can improve overall screening results.   What is a cancer marker test? A cancer marker test measures the concentration of specific proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or the body’s response to them — for example: AFP (liver cancer) CEA (colorectal cancer) CA125 (ovarian cancer) These tests are mainly used for preliminary risk assessment, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting recurrence.However, the results can easily be affected by inflammation, smoking, or other health conditions, leading to false positives or false negatives. Their sensitivity is limited — in early-stage cancer, only about 5–30% of cases show elevated levels.   What is ctDNA Testing? ctDNA testing uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) and AI to analyze tumor DNA fragments in the blood, detecting mutation signals as low as 0.25%. This makes it suitable for early screening and MRD (minimal residual disease) monitoring, with accuracy of 92-99%, and generally stronger than mRNA for recurrence monitoring and precision therapy.   What cancers can mRNA /ctDNA testing detect? mRNA testing enables earlier detection than cancer markers, screening for cancers like lung, liver, stomach, pancreatic, colorectal, nasopharyngeal, and breast cancer, with benefits of no radiation and non-invasiveness. ctDNA offers non-invasive testing, detecting even more cancer types than mRNA, aided by AI for the highest specificity among the three methods. Thus, mRNA/ctDNA testing outperforms traditional imaging (like CT, which needs 1cm+ tumors) for ultra-early screening.   A quick comparison at a glance Feature Cancer Marker mRNA Testing ctDNA Testing Principle Measures protein/antigen levels Detects tumor mRNA gene signals Analyzes ctDNA mutations & fragments Accuracy Limited; prone to false positives/negatives 93–97% sensitivity, highly accurate 92-99%, high specificity  Detection limit Later stage, tumors ≥1 cm Ultra-early, tumors ≥0.2 cm Early signals, 3-5 years ahead ​ Advantages Affordable, widely used for monitoring No radiation, detects multiple cancers Non-invasive, detects more cancers than mRNA Limitations Higher false positive rate, not diagnostic More expensive, supplementary use only More expensive   Due to their different technologies, the three methods complement each other for those in need.   Who should take which test? Cancer marker test: Recommended for adults over 40, individuals with a family history of cancer or chronic conditions, and existing cancer patients for tracking trends. Suggested 1–2 times per year. mRNA/ ctDNA test: Ideal for high-risk individuals (e.g., smokers, drinkers, those with family cancer history) or health-conscious individuals for annual screening, as well as postoperative monitoring. Suggested every 6–12 months. Healthy people without symptoms: Start with cancer marker testing. If results appear abnormal, follow up with other screenings. If you have any concerns, consult your doctor. Abnormal results usually require further imaging or clinical assessment, as no single test alone can confirm a cancer diagnosis.   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

mRNA testing is a blood-based diagnostic technology that analyzes tumor-associated mRNA molecular markers in the bloodstream. It is used for ultra-early screening to detect whether tumor cell activity has occurred in the body. The test requires only a small amount of blood and involves no invasive procedure or radiation. Its accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity can reach approximately 93–97%. Key Features of mRNA Testing: Precise and efficient: Multi-marker analysis captures tumors as small as 0.2 cm. Safe and convenient: Zero radiation, minimal blood draw, can be done anytime. Practical and flexible: Suitable for both screening and follow-up monitoring. mRNA testing was developed by EpiGolden Biotech and has obtained patents in several countries (including Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and China). Although not yet FDA-certified, it has been widely adopted in clinical practice—similar to many common biomarker tests—and is safe and reliable for the public.   From DNA to mRNA – What’s the Connection? Everyone’s DNA reflects their constitution and potential health risks. Traditional DNA testing indicates the probability of developing certain diseases in the future but doesn’t show one’s current health status. A high genetic risk does not necessarily mean one will develop cancer, and a low risk does not mean zero chance. The key lies in long-term risk management and regular monitoring. Tumor marker tests (cancer markers) measure specific proteins secreted by tumors via blood sampling to help assess cancer risk, monitor treatment effectiveness, or detect recurrence. However, these proteins can be affected by inflammation, other diseases, or lifestyle factors, leading to potential false positives or false negatives. Therefore, cancer marker levels alone are insufficient for diagnosis and are mainly used for preliminary screening and follow-up. mRNA testing, by contrast, focuses on gene activity. When cells are active—such as during tumor growth—specific mRNA molecules surge in number. By analyzing mRNA markers associated with disease and tracking their dynamic changes, mRNA testing can directly reflect whether abnormal tumor cell activity is occurring in the body. The process only requires a small sample of venous blood. By analyzing multiple cancer-related mRNA markers, it assesses the number and activity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). As a simple blood test, it requires no invasive surgery or high-dose radiation. Using multiple markers at once allows mRNA testing to capture core tumor signals more precisely, reducing false results and functioning as a reliable early warning system.   In the field of early cancer screening, in addition to mRNA testing, a breakthrough technology known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing has also emerged. ctDNA refers to DNA fragments released into the bloodstream by tumor cells during metabolism, growth, or apoptosis (cell death). These DNA fragments carry tumor-specific genetic features—such as mutations, methylation changes, or copy number variations—that directly reflect molecular-level information about the tumor.   Compared with mRNA testing, ctDNA has several key advantages: Greater stability: DNA is more stable and less prone to degradation than mRNA, allowing tumor genetic information to be preserved more accurately and reducing errors during sample handling. Clearer genetic indicators: ctDNA can directly reveal mutations, rearrangements, or methylation patterns linked to cancer, helping identify cancer types, predict treatment response, and monitor recurrence. Higher sensitivity: Advanced digital PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can detect minute traces of tumor DNA in the blood, outperforming traditional protein-based markers. Broader clinical applications: Beyond early screening, ctDNA testing is widely used in treatment monitoring, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and personalized cancer therapy. In summary, mRNA testing focuses on the dynamic activity of tumor cells—making it excellent for early detection—while ctDNA testing provides molecular-level insights into genetic mutations with superior stability and precision. When used together, they offer comprehensive cancer management—from early risk detection to continuous disease monitoring.   How Can It Tell What Type of Tumor It Is?Tumor cells from different organs carry distinct sets of mRNA molecular markers when entering the bloodstream. Chip-based technologies can identify these unique signatures to locate the potential origin—such as the lung or liver—guiding doctors for targeted follow-up examinations.   Does an Abnormal Result Mean I Have Cancer?If the report shows mild abnormalities, you can start by improving your lifestyle and retest after about two months.If results return to normal, you may resume regular checkup intervals; if the levels continue to rise, please consult your doctor as soon as possible. The numerical values themselves have no absolute meaning, so if you have any doubts, seek professional medical advice and avoid unnecessary anxiety.   Who Should Take mRNA or ctDNA Tests? Healthy individuals: Once a year High-risk individuals (family history or environmental exposure): Every six months Patients during or after treatment: One week after surgery or ten days after chemotherapy, with continued monitoring every six months   Human Health offers several cancer risk assessment programs available on its online store, including: SPOT-MAS Women 10 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA01): HK$3,860 (original HK$9,650)  SPOT-MAS Men 8 Types Multi-Cancer Early Detection (HCDNA02): HK$3,160 (original HK$7,900) All plans are available for online purchase through the Human Health eShop .If you have any questions about these packages, please contact our hotline at 2397 2111 for assistance.

Aside from memory loss, dementia patients often experience mood swings, such as depression or irritability. As caregivers, how can we better take care of them? Caregivers should prioritize “safety first, patient communication, and maintaining dignity,” while also remembering to look after their own emotional well-being. Support can begin with improvements in daily safety, communication and emotional care, and brain health and overall wellness management.   1. Daily safety Install gas sensors, non-slip mats, night lights, and door alarms at home to prevent wandering or falls. Store dangerous items such as cleaning agents and flammable materials safely out of reach. Ensure the patient wears an ID tag or a smartwatch with location tracking containing family contact numbers and addresses to reduce the risk of getting lost.   2. Communication and emotional care Avoid blame-based language like “You forgot again” or “I just told you that.” Instead, say things such as “Let’s think about it together.” Many patients are aware of their memory decline—criticism can make them feel “useless” and heighten frustration, anxiety, and withdrawal. Encouraging cooperation and emphasizing solutions helps preserve their self-esteem and dignity. When patients become agitated, try soothing activities such as listening to music or taking a walk. Encourage participation in community center activities or hobby classes to reduce loneliness and improve mood.   3. Brain care and daily exercise Take patients outdoors for a 30-minute daily walk, or encourage them to play mahjong or board games, listen to music, or read—activities that stimulate the brain and help slow cognitive decline. Remind patients to attend regular check-ups and take medication on time. Maintain a balanced diet with more fruits and vegetables, and less sugar and salt.   Caregivers often face financial and emotional stress, so their own mental health is equally important. Consider rotating caregiving duties among family members, or making use of community resources, such as elderly day respite services offered by the Social Welfare Department. If a caregiver feels overwhelmed or depressed, it’s advisable to seek medical advice and consult a psychiatrist as soon as possible. For inquiries, contact us via WhatsApp at 5223 7997, or click the link below: https://wa.me/85252237997   References:  alzheimers.gov – Tips for Caregivers and Families of People With Dementia Social Welfare Department – Day Care Services for the Elderly