Education Corner

There are many causes of sore throat, ranging from the common cold to more serious conditions like influenza or inflammation. While many people tend to overlook a mild sore throat, persistent pain may be caused by inflammation or even malignant tumors — so it must not be ignored.   Why does a sore throat occur? Is it always a sign of a cold? The “throat” generally refers to both the pharynx and larynx — the upper airway area extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and trachea. A sore throat can have many causes, and not all are related to infections. Sometimes, irritation alone can lead to pain: Foreign body: When objects (such as fish bones) get stuck in the throat, they can cause discomfort and soreness. Vocal strain: Overuse of the voice (such as shouting or singing loudly) can inflame the vocal cords, causing hoarseness and pain. Dietary irritation: Alcoholic drinks with high alcohol content or spicy foods can irritate the throat and trigger inflammation. Smoking and air pollution: Cigarette smoke irritates the airways, and so does secondhand smoke. Poor air quality or excessively dry air can also cause throat pain. Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux): When stomach acid flows back into the throat, it erodes the mucous lining, resulting in burning pain. Accidental ingestion of chemicals: Swallowing corrosive or alkaline substances can severely damage the throat’s mucous membranes and cause intense pain. Sore throats caused by irritation usually do not come with other symptoms. However, many sore throats are due to infections. Pathogens can spread through lymphatic fluid or blood, or directly invade throat tissue, causing inflammation, swelling, and in severe cases, pus formation.   What foods or drinks can relieve throat discomfort? At the early stage of a sore throat, the following may help ease discomfort: Cold or warm drinks: If swallowing is painful, drink cold or warm tea (with honey, if preferred). Letting ice melt in the mouth can also relieve pain. However, infants under one year old should not consume honey due to the risk of botulism. Throat lozenges: Lozenges containing menthol provide a cooling effect that soothes irritation. Children or teenagers can also suck on hard candies. Saltwater gargle: Mix half a teaspoon of salt into 240 ml of warm water and gargle to reduce inflammation. Avoid irritants such as spicy or acidic foods and drinks. If these home remedies do not help, over-the-counter medicines like painkillers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — for example, ibuprofen or naproxen — may provide relief. Always consult a pharmacist and follow the dosage instructions carefully.   When should you see a doctor? Seek immediate medical attention if a sore throat is accompanied by any of the following: A foreign object (e.g. fish bone) stuck in the throat causing breathing difficulty. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. A high-pitched sound when inhaling (stridor), which may indicate airway narrowing. A child leaning forward while breathing — a possible sign of epiglottitis, a serious condition blocking the airway. Muffled or “potato-like” speech. Continuous drooling due to difficulty swallowing. Swelling of the tongue or neck. Inability to move the neck or open the mouth. Also, if your sore throat persists and is accompanied by any of the following, visit a clinic for examination: High fever above 38°C or fever that does not subside. Headache, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. Swollen neck lymph nodes. Earache. Rash on the body or “strawberry tongue.” Red, irritated eyes. Presence of pus in the throat.   How is a sore throat treated? Doctors first ensure the airway is clear, then treat pain and accompanying symptoms. If the sore throat is diagnosed as viral or bacterial, appropriate medication will be prescribed. Patients can support recovery by ensuring sufficient rest. Fatigue and weakened immunity can delay healing. Getting enough sleep and reducing stress are essential for strengthening the immune system and alleviating symptoms.   Could persistent sore throat indicate a serious condition? Pharyngitis: Acute pharyngitis is inflammation caused by infection. The throat becomes red, swollen, and painful, often accompanied by fever and headache. Repeated episodes can lead to chronic pharyngitis, causing ongoing discomfort or a foreign-body sensation in the throat, sometimes with coughing. Mumps (Parotitis): Inflammation of the parotid gland (beneath the ears) caused by viral infection spread through droplets. Symptoms include fever, facial swelling and pain, headache, muscle soreness, fatigue, poor appetite, and painful swallowing. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland may cause hormone imbalance — leading to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism — with symptoms like heat intolerance, palpitations, anxiety, sore throat, fatigue, muscle pain, and hoarseness. Tonsillitis: When the tonsils (at the sides of the throat) are infected, they become red, swollen, and in severe cases, develop pus. Patients often experience high fever (up to 39–40°C), severe throat pain, and fatigue. If the infection spreads, it can cause swollen and painful lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsil cancer: A malignant tumor of the tonsil, usually linked to smoking and drinking. Typical symptoms include persistent one-sided throat discomfort or a foreign-body sensation, sometimes with mild pain radiating to the ear. Diagnosis requires biopsy.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been wearing masks for long periods, which can increase facial oil secretion and lead to skin breakouts. Many assume it is acne or an allergic reaction, but it might actually be rosacea. So, what exactly is rosacea?   What is rosacea? Rosacea is a chronic skin condition caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It occurs when the nervous system controlling facial blood vessels becomes dysregulated, leading to excessive facial flushing and visible redness. Common triggers include genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Rosacea most often affects women over 30, but men and people of all ages can also develop it.   What are the symptoms of rosacea? The symptoms of rosacea generally progress through four stages: Intermittent facial flushing: The face—especially the cheeks and nose—becomes red and feels warm or mildly stinging. Persistent redness and visible blood vessels: The redness becomes constant. On closer inspection, small, branching blood vessels (telangiectasia) can be seen on the cheeks and nose, affecting appearance. Papules and pustules: Small red bumps and pus-filled spots appear, resembling acne. However, unlike acne, rosacea typically does not cause clogged pores, blackheads, or whiteheads. Thickened skin and enlarged nose: Prolonged congestion may cause the skin to become thick and rough. In some cases, the nose becomes enlarged and red, a condition commonly called “rhinophyma” or “whiskey nose.”   How is rosacea different from acne? Although rosacea and acne can look similar, they are distinct in cause and treatment: Skin Condition Rosacea Acne Common patients Women aged 20–40 Teenagers (both male and female) Main causes Triggered by factors such as sunlight, diet, heat, or alcohol Caused by clogged pores and bacterial growth Treatment Antibiotic creams, retinoid-based topical medications; moderate to severe cases may need oral antibiotics (e.g. erythromycin, tetracyclines) or laser/light therapy Topical antibiotics or retinoids for moderate to severe cases Prevention Avoid triggers that dilate blood vessels – such as sun exposure, heat, alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, chocolate, and cheese Avoid oily, high-carb, and dairy-based foods that increase sebum production     Why do I have rosacea? Many factors can trigger rosacea, with diet being one of the most common. Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and spicy foods often worsen the condition. Other triggers include: Sun exposure Hot environments Emotional stress New skincare or cosmetic products Chronic facial inflammation (such as eczema or contact dermatitis) Long-term use of steroid creams   How can rosacea be treated? Do I need to see a doctor? Managing rosacea starts with lifestyle changes. Patients should avoid known triggers, manage stress, and reduce alcohol and caffeine intake. Daily prevention includes wearing sunscreen, avoiding spicy foods, and using gentle cleansers without exfoliating ingredients. Choose simple skincare products with minimal additives. In terms of medication: Doctors may prescribe anti-inflammatory creams or retinoid-based topical medication. For more severe cases, oral antibiotics (such as tetracyclines or macrolides) may be prescribed to control inflammation. Treatment usually lasts 3 to 4 months, depending on the condition. For those taking antibiotics long term, doctors may order blood tests periodically to monitor for side effects.   Some patients, after diagnosis, may opt for laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy. These treatments are typically performed once a month, and most patients notice improvement after 2 to 4 sessions. Before starting, the doctor will assess suitability, explain how the procedure works, and discuss potential risks.  

Why should you have a cervical screening test?Cervical screening, also known as the Pap smear test, is a simple and highly effective method for detecting cervical cancer. It can quickly and easily identify abnormal changes in cervical cells. Since cervical cells often become abnormal several years before cancer develops, this test allows doctors to detect early signs of disease and arrange further investigations or treatment in time to prevent cervical cancer from forming.   Does a cervical screening test hurt?During the procedure, healthcare staff gently open the vaginal wall using a speculum and use a small plastic brush to collect cervical cell samples. The brush is then placed into a container with a preservation solution, which is sent to the laboratory for testing.The test is typically painless if the woman remains relaxed. However, if she feels tense or nervous, vaginal muscles may tighten around the speculum, causing mild discomfort. The temperature of the instrument may also cause slight uneasiness.   When should you have a cervical screening test?In general, women aged 25 to 64 who have ever been sexually active—regardless of marital status—should have regular cervical screening.According to the Department of Health’s guidelines: After your first test, if the result is normal, a second test should be done one year later. If the second result is also normal, you may continue screening every three years thereafter.   What do cervical screening (Pap smear) results mean? Test Result Meaning Negative No abnormal cells detected Inadequate Insufficient or poor-quality sample Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) Minor cell changes, usually resolve naturally Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance (AGUS) Abnormal glandular cells present; follow-up Pap test or colposcopy required every 3 months Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LGSIL) Mild cell changes; about 85% resolve naturally within 2 years, 15% may progress High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HGSIL) Moderate to severe cell changes; 1–2% may develop into invasive cancer Invasive Cancer Cells show characteristics of cervical cancer   Every year, around 500 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in Hong Kong. Women aged 25 and above are encouraged to undergo regular cervical screening for early detection and treatment.

COVID-19 Vaccination Health Check Program Many people wish to get vaccinated against COVID-19 to protect themselves from the virus. However, potential side effects from the vaccine cause some hesitation. The Centre for Health Protection’s guidelines state that individuals with serious chronic illnesses should delay vaccination until their conditions are stable. These conditions include hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. For those worried about severe allergic reactions after vaccination, undergoing a COVID-19 vaccination health check beforehand can help assess potential risks.   Why get a vaccination health check before receiving the vaccine? The COVID-19 vaccination health check provides a comprehensive medical assessment for people who want to understand their health status before vaccination. It helps identify any underlying risks of chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Doctors will explain the results of the health check, helping to ease concerns about vaccination.   Common purposes of a vaccination health check: Chronic diseases Serious adverse reactions after vaccination are often linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular issues. The vaccination health check focuses on identifying these illnesses to provide a preliminary assessment of vaccination risks. Possible vaccine allergies Ingredients in vaccines — such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate — may trigger allergic reactions. By testing for vaccine allergies, the health check helps identify individuals who might be sensitive to these components. This is especially important for those with a history of allergies, severe asthma, or hypersensitivity.   Who should consider the “COVID-19 Vaccination Health Check”? People who have not had a medical check-up recently Individuals who have experienced angina pectoris Adults aged 60 or above People with chronic illnesses (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or hyperglycemia) who are not under regular medical follow-up Individuals with a family history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases   Deciding whether to receive the vaccine or consult a doctor After the vaccination health check, individuals can use the results to assess their vaccination risk and decide whether to proceed. If in doubt, they should seek further medical advice.

Is gum disease an illness of the elderly? Why does it occur?Gum disease (periodontal disease) is not exclusive to older people. Increasingly, young and middle‑aged adults are affected by its symptoms. Because it is a chronic bacterial infection that can flare up or ease temporarily, many patients delay proper treatment. Periodontal disease affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. When dental plaque accumulates along the gum line, bacteria in the plaque release toxins that inflame the gums and supporting tissues, leading to gum disease.If you notice bleeding while brushing or persistent bad breath, do not dismiss it as tiredness or “internal heat.” These may actually indicate gum disease developing silently. Many people overlook its seriousness until the inflammation becomes severe or the gums begin to recede. At that point, professional dental treatment becomes necessary.Untreated gum disease can affect not only the gums and teeth but also facial appearance. Receding gums and bone loss can cause teeth to loosen, shift, create gaps, or even fall out.   Signs of Gum Disease Red, swollen, and bleeding gums are early signs of gum disease. For accurate diagnosis, consult a dentist for a detailed examination. Common symptoms include: Mild gum disease Red and swollen gum margins Bleeding during brushing Possible tartar buildup Tooth or gum discomfort Bad breath Moderate gum disease Severe redness and swelling along gum edges Frequent bleeding while brushing Receding gums exposing part of the tooth root, making teeth appear longer Formation of periodontal pockets (space between gums and tooth roots due to tissue destruction) Tartar accumulation Bad breath Gum or tooth pain Severe gum disease Marked gum inflammation and redness Persistent bleeding during brushing Advanced gum and bone recession causing teeth to appear longer Pus discharge or gum abscesses Heavy tartar buildup Strong bad breath Teeth looseness or shifting Tooth loss in advanced cases   How can gum disease be treated? If you develop gum disease, appropriate treatment depends on the condition’s severity. Early consultation with a dentist is key. In most cases, initial visits and minimally invasive procedures are sufficient, followed by regular reviews.However, if the disease progresses to periodontitis, surgical treatment may be required to clean and repair gum and bone tissue, sometimes including tooth extractions or dental implants. Early intervention greatly reduces treatment time and cost. Treatment by stage: Mild gum disease Brush and floss thoroughly morning and night to remove plaque. Undergo professional scaling to remove tartar, making plaque control easier. Moderate gum disease Schedule a dental visit soon for scaling and deep cleaning to remove plaque and tartar inside periodontal pockets. Maintain consistent oral hygiene (brushing and flossing twice daily). Follow dentist recommendations and attend periodic checkups. Severe gum disease Seek professional dental care immediately. Treatment may include: Professional scaling Root planing or periodontal surgery to remove bacteria and tartar from tooth roots and pockets Antibiotics if prescribed by the dentist Maintain strict oral hygiene twice daily during treatment. Continue good habits and regular checkups afterward to prevent recurrence.   How to prevent gum disease from returning?  Treatment controls but does not permanently cure gum disease. Long‑term maintenance and routine dental visits are essential for preventing recurrence. After completing treatment, maintain excellent oral hygiene and regular checkups to keep your mouth healthy.

What is hemorrhoids?Many people find hemorrhoids distressing and embarrassing. Hemorrhoids refer to small blood vessels and connective tissues around the anus that can become enlarged or inflamed. They are generally classified into internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids. Symptoms usually appear when they become swollen or irritated.   Why do hemorrhoids occur? Common causes of hemorrhoids include: Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movements, usually due to a diet low in fiber from fruits and vegetables. Sitting for long periods. Aging. Unhealthy lifestyle habits. Pregnancy. High stress levels. These factors may impair blood circulation near the anus or weaken surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and protrusion of blood vessels. Certain inflammatory bowel diseases are also associated with hemorrhoids.   What are the differences between internal and external hemorrhoids? Internal hemorrhoids: Blood in stool Itching around the anus Pain if the hemorrhoid becomes strangulated External hemorrhoids: Bleeding from the anus Pain around the anus   Should I see a doctor or use over-the-counter creams? There are many treatment options for hemorrhoids. In the early stages, treatment focuses on relieving pain and bleeding to improve quality of life. For mild cases, conservative approaches—such as dietary and lifestyle changes—are often effective. If the symptoms are severe, doctors may prescribe medication or recommend surgical treatment. Stage Symptoms  Stage  Stage I Internal hemorrhoids within the anal canal that may cause bleeding Adjust diet and lifestyle. Eat more fiber-rich foods and stay well hydrated to improve symptoms. Stage II Hemorrhoids enlarge and may protrude during bowel movements but retract on their own afterward Use anti-inflammatory or anti-itch medications to relieve pain, itching, and bleeding. Stage III Hemorrhoids prolapse outside the anus and must be manually pushed back Surgical procedures or specialized devices (such as a hemorrhoid stapler) may be used to remove or reposition loose anal tissue. Stage IV Hemorrhoids remain permanently outside the anus and cannot be pushed back Conventional surgery is required to remove all affected tissue for long-term recovery.   If you experience constipation or hemorrhoid symptoms, adjust your diet to include more fruits, vegetables, and fluids. Avoid straining during bowel movements and sitting for prolonged periods. Taking warm baths can relieve anal pain, while applying ice packs can help reduce swelling and discomfort in more severe cases. Keep in mind that blood in stool can sometimes be caused by other conditions besides hemorrhoids. If you notice bleeding or suspect hemorrhoids, seek professional medical advice promptly.