Education Corner

Why should you have a cervical screening test?Cervical screening, also known as the Pap smear test, is a simple and highly effective method for detecting cervical cancer. It can quickly and easily identify abnormal changes in cervical cells. Since cervical cells often become abnormal several years before cancer develops, this test allows doctors to detect early signs of disease and arrange further investigations or treatment in time to prevent cervical cancer from forming.   Does a cervical screening test hurt?During the procedure, healthcare staff gently open the vaginal wall using a speculum and use a small plastic brush to collect cervical cell samples. The brush is then placed into a container with a preservation solution, which is sent to the laboratory for testing.The test is typically painless if the woman remains relaxed. However, if she feels tense or nervous, vaginal muscles may tighten around the speculum, causing mild discomfort. The temperature of the instrument may also cause slight uneasiness.   When should you have a cervical screening test?In general, women aged 25 to 64 who have ever been sexually active—regardless of marital status—should have regular cervical screening.According to the Department of Health’s guidelines: After your first test, if the result is normal, a second test should be done one year later. If the second result is also normal, you may continue screening every three years thereafter.   What do cervical screening (Pap smear) results mean? Test Result Meaning Negative No abnormal cells detected Inadequate Insufficient or poor-quality sample Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) Minor cell changes, usually resolve naturally Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance (AGUS) Abnormal glandular cells present; follow-up Pap test or colposcopy required every 3 months Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LGSIL) Mild cell changes; about 85% resolve naturally within 2 years, 15% may progress High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HGSIL) Moderate to severe cell changes; 1–2% may develop into invasive cancer Invasive Cancer Cells show characteristics of cervical cancer   Every year, around 500 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in Hong Kong. Women aged 25 and above are encouraged to undergo regular cervical screening for early detection and treatment.

COVID-19 Vaccination Health Check Program Many people wish to get vaccinated against COVID-19 to protect themselves from the virus. However, potential side effects from the vaccine cause some hesitation. The Centre for Health Protection’s guidelines state that individuals with serious chronic illnesses should delay vaccination until their conditions are stable. These conditions include hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. For those worried about severe allergic reactions after vaccination, undergoing a COVID-19 vaccination health check beforehand can help assess potential risks.   Why get a vaccination health check before receiving the vaccine? The COVID-19 vaccination health check provides a comprehensive medical assessment for people who want to understand their health status before vaccination. It helps identify any underlying risks of chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Doctors will explain the results of the health check, helping to ease concerns about vaccination.   Common purposes of a vaccination health check: Chronic diseases Serious adverse reactions after vaccination are often linked to chronic conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular issues. The vaccination health check focuses on identifying these illnesses to provide a preliminary assessment of vaccination risks. Possible vaccine allergies Ingredients in vaccines — such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate — may trigger allergic reactions. By testing for vaccine allergies, the health check helps identify individuals who might be sensitive to these components. This is especially important for those with a history of allergies, severe asthma, or hypersensitivity.   Who should consider the “COVID-19 Vaccination Health Check”? People who have not had a medical check-up recently Individuals who have experienced angina pectoris Adults aged 60 or above People with chronic illnesses (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or hyperglycemia) who are not under regular medical follow-up Individuals with a family history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases   Deciding whether to receive the vaccine or consult a doctor After the vaccination health check, individuals can use the results to assess their vaccination risk and decide whether to proceed. If in doubt, they should seek further medical advice.

Is gum disease an illness of the elderly? Why does it occur?Gum disease (periodontal disease) is not exclusive to older people. Increasingly, young and middle‑aged adults are affected by its symptoms. Because it is a chronic bacterial infection that can flare up or ease temporarily, many patients delay proper treatment. Periodontal disease affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. When dental plaque accumulates along the gum line, bacteria in the plaque release toxins that inflame the gums and supporting tissues, leading to gum disease.If you notice bleeding while brushing or persistent bad breath, do not dismiss it as tiredness or “internal heat.” These may actually indicate gum disease developing silently. Many people overlook its seriousness until the inflammation becomes severe or the gums begin to recede. At that point, professional dental treatment becomes necessary.Untreated gum disease can affect not only the gums and teeth but also facial appearance. Receding gums and bone loss can cause teeth to loosen, shift, create gaps, or even fall out.   Signs of Gum Disease Red, swollen, and bleeding gums are early signs of gum disease. For accurate diagnosis, consult a dentist for a detailed examination. Common symptoms include: Mild gum disease Red and swollen gum margins Bleeding during brushing Possible tartar buildup Tooth or gum discomfort Bad breath Moderate gum disease Severe redness and swelling along gum edges Frequent bleeding while brushing Receding gums exposing part of the tooth root, making teeth appear longer Formation of periodontal pockets (space between gums and tooth roots due to tissue destruction) Tartar accumulation Bad breath Gum or tooth pain Severe gum disease Marked gum inflammation and redness Persistent bleeding during brushing Advanced gum and bone recession causing teeth to appear longer Pus discharge or gum abscesses Heavy tartar buildup Strong bad breath Teeth looseness or shifting Tooth loss in advanced cases   How can gum disease be treated? If you develop gum disease, appropriate treatment depends on the condition’s severity. Early consultation with a dentist is key. In most cases, initial visits and minimally invasive procedures are sufficient, followed by regular reviews.However, if the disease progresses to periodontitis, surgical treatment may be required to clean and repair gum and bone tissue, sometimes including tooth extractions or dental implants. Early intervention greatly reduces treatment time and cost. Treatment by stage: Mild gum disease Brush and floss thoroughly morning and night to remove plaque. Undergo professional scaling to remove tartar, making plaque control easier. Moderate gum disease Schedule a dental visit soon for scaling and deep cleaning to remove plaque and tartar inside periodontal pockets. Maintain consistent oral hygiene (brushing and flossing twice daily). Follow dentist recommendations and attend periodic checkups. Severe gum disease Seek professional dental care immediately. Treatment may include: Professional scaling Root planing or periodontal surgery to remove bacteria and tartar from tooth roots and pockets Antibiotics if prescribed by the dentist Maintain strict oral hygiene twice daily during treatment. Continue good habits and regular checkups afterward to prevent recurrence.   How to prevent gum disease from returning?  Treatment controls but does not permanently cure gum disease. Long‑term maintenance and routine dental visits are essential for preventing recurrence. After completing treatment, maintain excellent oral hygiene and regular checkups to keep your mouth healthy.

What is hemorrhoids?Many people find hemorrhoids distressing and embarrassing. Hemorrhoids refer to small blood vessels and connective tissues around the anus that can become enlarged or inflamed. They are generally classified into internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids. Symptoms usually appear when they become swollen or irritated.   Why do hemorrhoids occur? Common causes of hemorrhoids include: Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movements, usually due to a diet low in fiber from fruits and vegetables. Sitting for long periods. Aging. Unhealthy lifestyle habits. Pregnancy. High stress levels. These factors may impair blood circulation near the anus or weaken surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and protrusion of blood vessels. Certain inflammatory bowel diseases are also associated with hemorrhoids.   What are the differences between internal and external hemorrhoids? Internal hemorrhoids: Blood in stool Itching around the anus Pain if the hemorrhoid becomes strangulated External hemorrhoids: Bleeding from the anus Pain around the anus   Should I see a doctor or use over-the-counter creams? There are many treatment options for hemorrhoids. In the early stages, treatment focuses on relieving pain and bleeding to improve quality of life. For mild cases, conservative approaches—such as dietary and lifestyle changes—are often effective. If the symptoms are severe, doctors may prescribe medication or recommend surgical treatment. Stage Symptoms  Stage  Stage I Internal hemorrhoids within the anal canal that may cause bleeding Adjust diet and lifestyle. Eat more fiber-rich foods and stay well hydrated to improve symptoms. Stage II Hemorrhoids enlarge and may protrude during bowel movements but retract on their own afterward Use anti-inflammatory or anti-itch medications to relieve pain, itching, and bleeding. Stage III Hemorrhoids prolapse outside the anus and must be manually pushed back Surgical procedures or specialized devices (such as a hemorrhoid stapler) may be used to remove or reposition loose anal tissue. Stage IV Hemorrhoids remain permanently outside the anus and cannot be pushed back Conventional surgery is required to remove all affected tissue for long-term recovery.   If you experience constipation or hemorrhoid symptoms, adjust your diet to include more fruits, vegetables, and fluids. Avoid straining during bowel movements and sitting for prolonged periods. Taking warm baths can relieve anal pain, while applying ice packs can help reduce swelling and discomfort in more severe cases. Keep in mind that blood in stool can sometimes be caused by other conditions besides hemorrhoids. If you notice bleeding or suspect hemorrhoids, seek professional medical advice promptly.

What is Atopic Dermatitis?Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. Many people think of it as a minor skin condition and may ignore it. However, if left untreated for a long time, it can cause widespread skin inflammation. The inflammatory substances involved can also affect other body systems, leading to allergies, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and even depression. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but it is likely related to genetics, immune system dysfunction, skin barrier impairment, or heredity. This results in damage to the skin's outer layer responsible for retaining moisture, causing dry skin and reduced protection, along with immune system abnormalities.   Beyond itching, what are the symptoms? The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) provides the following diagnostic guidelines for atopic dermatitis: Itching Recurrent eczema lasting more than six months without interruption Personal or family history of allergies and elevated Immunoglobulin E (IgE) response Dry skin   Does atopic dermatitis only occur in infancy? Symptoms typically begin in infancy and often disappear before adolescence. However, some patients continue to experience symptoms into adulthood, and some may develop atopic dermatitis for the first time in adulthood. At all stages, the skin is itchy, dry, and extremely sensitive. Itching often causes scratching, which can lead to bacterial infection and worsening inflammation. Infancy (birth to 2 years): As babies start crawling, eczema commonly appears on the outer joints due to friction. Childhood (2 to 5 years): Eczema mostly appears on the inner joints, especially behind the elbows and knees, but can also affect the neck, eyelids, around the mouth, hands, feet, wrists, and ankles. Lesions start as small bumps but become thickened and scaly from scratching and friction. Adolescence and Adulthood: Eczema may continue from earlier stages or recur intermittently. The affected areas are usually the creases of the body, face, neck, and eyelids.   Why do I have atopic dermatitis? Atopic dermatitis is not contagious, but family history and environmental factors increase the risk: Irritants (soap, detergents, personal care products, wool) Allergens High temperatures Sweat Cigarette smoke Food allergens Airborne allergens Stress Chemicals Cleaning agents Family history of allergic diseases such as eczema or asthma   What treatments are available for atopic dermatitis? The American Academy of Dermatology recommends the following approaches: Mild cases: Use moisturizing lotions Medicinal moisturizers Moderate to severe cases: Suppress immune response with oral and topical corticosteroids Topical antibiotics Immunomodulators Phototherapy Wet wrap therapy   How can I relieve skin itching? Besides medication, self-care can help soothe eczema and reduce itching: Choose bathing and moisturizing products: Use gentle, fragrance-free, and detergent-free body washes. Apply moisturizing creams or lotions at least twice daily to hydrate and soften the skin. Bathing habits: Use warm (not hot) water and avoid long showers or baths to prevent drying and irritation. Choose clothes carefully: Wear breathable cotton clothes and avoid rough fabrics like wool. Use appropriate amounts of detergent and rinse clothes thoroughly. Avoid allergens: Stay away from known food and environmental triggers. Maintain home cleanliness to minimize dust, avoid carpets, plush sofas, stuffed toys, and pollen-producing plants. Manage stress: Learn stress reduction techniques and maintain optimism. Regular exercise, relaxation activities, socializing, listening to music, and meditation can reduce eczema flare-ups. Support from family and friends is important emotionally.

What is cataract? Is not seeing things clearly a sign of cataract?Cataract is the gradual clouding of the lens inside the eye.   Why do I have cataract?There are many causes for cataract formation, including genetic and congenital factors. Other causes such as trauma, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and medications can also lead to cataract. However, cataract is most common in the elderly due to aging, as the lens gradually deteriorates, hardens, and becomes cloudy. Diseases like diabetes can also cause cataract to appear earlier. Although cataract is less common in younger populations, those with habits like smoking or drinking, high myopia, diabetes, long-term use of corticosteroids, prolonged sun exposure, or chronic iritis may develop cataract earlier than average.   Is not seeing things clearly a sign of cataract?Common symptoms include gradually blurred vision, sometimes seeing halos around lights, and colors appearing less vibrant. When driving at night, headlights from oncoming cars may seem glaring and uncomfortable. Generally, the worsening of symptoms is quite slow and depends on the location of the cloudiness in the lens and its progression.   Early-stage cataract patients may not have any signs, but as the condition worsens, patients may notice: Blurred vision Decreased contrast in images Yellowish or darkened views Unstable or suddenly worsening myopia Halos around lights at night, with light points spreading into a ring or radiating hexagonal rays.   Is surgery the only treatment for cataract?As of now, the medical field has not developed effective medications to stop cataract growth. The primary treatment method is surgical removal of the cloudy lens. The most common technique today is "minimally invasive" cataract surgery, which typically takes 10-15 minutes and is mostly performed under local anesthesia. Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract SurgeryThis technique uses ultrasound to break up and remove the cataract (phacoemulsification), and then an artificial lens is implanted in its original position. The benefits are minimal incisions, and most cases do not require stitches. Once the surgery is completed, the doctor ensures the incision is secure, applies ointment, and the patient can go home. Artificial LensAfter cataract surgery, patients often opt for an artificial lens implant in the eye. Most patients can restore vision without needing additional lenses. However, the risk of postoperative complications, such as inflammation and glaucoma, slightly increases. Additionally, if there are other eye diseases, such as high myopia or iritis, it may not be suitable to implant an artificial lens.   How should I care for my eyes after cataract surgery?In the initial recovery period after cataract surgery, it is important to rest in bed, ensuring the head and eyes get adequate rest to avoid affecting the surgical outcome. During recovery, consume nutritious and easily digestible foods. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables to prevent constipation. Alcohol and irritating or hard foods should be avoided. Be careful to prevent water from entering the eyes while washing hair. Use medications as prescribed by the doctor and attend follow-up appointments until fully healed.