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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also known as prostate enlargement, is a common health issue in middle-aged and older men. It is not cancer but occurs when the prostate, a small gland, grows larger with age, pressing on the urethra and causing urination difficulties. Simply put, it’s like the prostate “growing bigger.” According to the Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, about half of men over 50 in Hong Kong experience some degree of BPH.   What is the Prostate and Why Does It Enlarge? Think of the urinary system as a pipeline, with the prostate as a walnut-sized gland surrounding the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder). It produces part of the seminal fluid to support sperm movement. As men age, hormonal changes (like testosterone effects) cause prostate cells to multiply, enlarging the gland. This can squeeze the urethra, causing issues. In severe cases, the prostate may swell to the size of a mango. Medically, this often starts at ages 40–50, driven by age, hormonal imbalances, and genetics.   Common Symptoms of BPH BPH develops gradually and may not be noticeable early on. When the prostate presses on the urethra, symptoms include: Frequent urination: Especially at night (nocturia), needing to visit the bathroom often. Urgency: Sudden, uncontrollable urges to urinate. Weak urine stream: Slow, intermittent flow, like squeezing toothpaste. Incomplete emptying: Feeling the bladder isn’t fully emptied after urinating. Other: Occasional pain or blood in urine, though rare. Severe cases may lead to urinary tract infections or kidney issues. These symptoms can affect sleep and quality of life, but severity varies. Some men experience only mild discomfort.   Who is More Likely to Develop BPH? Age is the main factor (risk increases over 50), but other risks include: Family history: If your father or brother had BPH, you’re more likely to develop it. Lifestyle: Obesity, lack of exercise, or poor diet can worsen it. Health conditions: Diabetes or heart disease may indirectly contribute. The good news? BPH isn’t cancer and won’t become cancer. However, ignoring it could lead to complications like bladder stones or urinary retention.   How is It Diagnosed? If you have symptoms, a doctor will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a digital rectal exam (DRE) to check prostate size. Other tests may include urine flow studies, ultrasound, or PSA blood tests (to rule out cancer). Treatment depends on symptom severity.   How to Prevent or Manage It? While BPH can’t be fully prevented, lifestyle changes help: Maintain a healthy weight, eat more vegetables, and limit red meat. Exercise regularly, like walking or swimming, to support urinary health. Avoid holding urine and drink less water at night. Get regular check-ups for early detection.   Conclusion BPH is a natural part of aging for men, much like graying hair. Noticing symptoms early and seeking professional advice can manage it effectively. If you have urination issues, don’t be shy—see a doctor. It can improve your life and prevent complications.

What Are Warts and Do They Need to Be Removed? Warts are common skin growths that look like small, hard bumps or fleshy grains, appearing on hands, feet, face, or elsewhere. They’re caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), are not dangerous, but can sometimes feel embarrassing or uncomfortable. Many ask, “Do warts have to be removed?” The answer: Not always!   What Are Warts? Warts are small growths on the skin caused by HPV infection. The virus enters through tiny skin cuts, triggering excess cell growth to form a wart. Think of it as an uninvited guest on your skin—harmless but possibly bothersome. According to Hong Kong’s Department of Health, warts are common across all ages, especially in children and young adults due to frequent skin contact (like sharing towels or walking barefoot).   Types of Warts Warts vary in appearance and location: Common Warts: Rough, hard bumps, often on hands or fingers. Plantar Warts: Grow on the soles of feet, can be painful when walking, like stepping on a pebble. Flat Warts: Smooth, small warts, common on the face or legs, especially in young people. Genital Warts: Appear near genitals, a special type requiring extra attention. Each type may need different handling based on location and symptoms.   Why Do Warts Form? HPV is the culprit! It spreads through: Direct contact, like shaking hands with someone who has warts. Sharing towels, shoes, or walking barefoot in public pools. Small skin cuts, making it easier for the virus to enter. People with lower immunity (e.g., stressed or ill) are more prone to warts. Fortunately, warts rarely cause serious health issues.   Do Warts Need to Be Removed? Good news: Many warts disappear on their own! Especially in kids or young adults, the immune system may clear them in months to a couple of years. But you might consider treatment if a wart: Affects your appearance, causing embarrassment. Causes pain (like plantar warts). Spreads or multiplies quickly. Grows in sensitive areas (like the face or genitals). Always consult a doctor for the best approach.   How to Decide and What Are the Treatment Options? Warts don’t always need removal—it depends. Common options include: Watchful Waiting: If painless, many warts fade naturally. Over-the-Counter Treatments: Salicylic acid creams from pharmacies soften warts for removal, but require weeks of use. Cryotherapy: Doctors freeze warts with liquid nitrogen, a simple, common method. Laser or Surgery: For stubborn or large warts, doctors may use lasers or minor surgery. Other Methods: Electrosurgery or chemical treatments for specific cases. Important: Don’t cut or tear warts yourself—it risks infection or spreading! Genital warts need professional care due to their link to sexual transmission.   How to Prevent Warts? While not fully preventable, these tips help: Keep skin clean and dry to avoid cuts. Don’t share towels, shoes, or personal items. Wear flip-flops in public pools or gyms. Boost immunity with a balanced diet, exercise, and good sleep.   When to See a Doctor? Consult a doctor if a wart: Grows quickly, changes color, or bleeds. Causes pain or disrupts daily life. Appears on sensitive areas like the face or genitals. Might not be a wart (to rule out other issues, like skin cancer). In Hong Kong, dermatologists or general practitioners can offer professional checks for safety.   If unsure, don’t try to handle warts yourself—seeing a doctor is the best choice! This information is for reference only; always follow medical advice.

Both the common cold and influenza (often called the flu) are respiratory infectious diseases, but they are caused by different viruses. In general, flu symptoms appear more suddenly and are more severe than those of the common cold. The flu can also lead to more serious complications. People with a common cold typically have symptoms like a runny nose, while those with influenza are more likely to develop severe complications such as pneumonia or bacterial infections, which may even require hospitalization. Therefore, getting the flu vaccine is an important measure to prevent influenza and its complications.

Everyone associates "cancer" with death and incurable diseases. Is it true that cancer has no prevention methods and no early warning signs?   1. Is cancer common in Hong Kong? And what causes it?The death rate from cancer in Hong Kong is quite high, accounting for about 30% of all deaths in the city. Common cancers such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer are among the most frequent.In fact, most cancers may show some early warning signs or symptoms in their initial stages, and early detection can greatly improve the chances of cure.Cancer is caused by abnormal uncontrolled proliferation of mutated cells in the body, forming tumors. Tumors are classified as benign or malignant, with malignant tumors referred to as cancer.   2. What are the early warning signs or symptoms of cancer? Weight loss Night sweats or fever Persistent fatigue Unexplained pain Skin changes: unexplained bruises or lumps Difficulty swallowing or persistent mouth ulcers Changes in bowel habits: indigestion, nausea, persistent constipation or diarrhea   3. How long is the golden period for cancer treatment?These symptoms are often subtle and easily overlooked. It is therefore recommended everyone remain vigilant of their body’s condition and seek medical help promptly if feeling unwell.While the progression time varies depending on cancer type with no fixed definition of "how many months," earlier cancer detection generally improves cure rates.For example, according to the Hong Kong Cancer Foundation, the survival rate for colorectal cancer detected at stage one can be as high as 95.7%, but it drops to 68.7% by stage three. Early diagnosis usually means higher survival than late diagnosis. Thus, besides maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular health check-ups are advised.  

Every woman has a few days each month when they feel irritable. Can menstrual irregularities become a big problem?   1. How long should a normal menstrual period last?Most women have a menstrual cycle of about 28 days, with a normal range between 21 and 35 days. The duration of each period usually lasts around 3 to 7 days.   2. Does menstrual irregularity just mean late periods? When should you seek medical advice?Menstrual irregularity does not just mean delayed periods. The following symptoms can also indicate menstrual irregularity: Excessive or scanty menstrual bleeding Period lasting more than 8 days or less than 3 days Severe abdominal pain during menstruation Menopause before age 40If menstrual irregularities persist, it is recommended to consult a doctor for a comprehensive examination and appropriate treatment.   3. What causes irregular menstrual cycles?Menstrual irregularities may be caused by stress, hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, etc. Irregular menstruation can be one symptom of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which results from hormonal imbalance leading to irregular or absent ovulation, potentially causing infertility. PCOS may also lead to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Since the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, doctors generally prescribe oral contraceptives to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce symptoms. Patients are also advised to maintain healthy diet and exercise habits to help stabilize ovulation.If you find yourself experiencing long-term irregular periods, remember to consult a doctor early and undergo gynecological examination!

1. Why does nerve damage occur? Trauma Herniated disc or tumor pressing on nerves Autoimmune diseases such as diabetes Vitamin B deficiency Long-term use of medication or alcohol   2. What are the symptoms of nerve damage? Numbness or tingling sensation in the skin, like being pricked by needles Pain when touching certain areas or cold objects Reduced pain sensitivity, unable to feel pain normally   3. How to prevent nerve damage?To prevent nerve damage, maintain a healthy diet, reduce alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have regular health check-ups. Diabetic patients should carefully monitor their blood sugar levels. These measures help reduce the risk of nerve pain.   4. Is nerve pain the same as muscle pain?When suddenly feeling a prickling sensation in the body, is it muscle pain or nerve pain? Even if the skin has no wounds but feels prickling on touch, it may not be muscle cramps or muscle pain, but nerve damage.Nerve pain and muscle pain are different.     Nerve Pain Muscle Pain Cause Due to disease or injury Caused by tension, stress, overuse, minor injury or strain Pain Prickling, tingling, sharp pain; pain intensifies when touching specific areas or cold objects Muscles may feel stiff or sore; pain when pressing or exerting the muscle   Nerve pain is just one symptom of nerve damage. If you suspect nerve damage, seek medical attention as soon as possible for treatment.

1. What is frozen shoulder?Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, commonly occurs in people aged 40 to 60, with women more frequently affected. Recently, younger people have also started experiencing it.Frozen shoulder typically progresses through three stages: the painful stage, the stiff stage, and the recovery stage. Painful stage: considered the early phase, patients feel shoulder pain, especially worse at night or with shoulder movement. The range of shoulder movement gradually decreases, affecting daily life. Stiff stage: pain decreases but shoulder movement is severely limited. The joint becomes stiffer, making basic actions like raising the arm, dressing, combing hair, or lifting objects difficult. Recovery stage: shoulder joint becomes more flexible and pain reduces. Patients can speed recovery with physical therapy and appropriate exercise.   2. What causes frozen shoulder? Decreased joint fluid and increased stiffness of the shoulder ligaments and joint capsule due to aging Overuse or injuries like falls or heavy lifting Inflammation of tissues around the shoulder joint Poor posture for extended periods, especially prolonged forward shoulder lean when using computers, causing muscle and ligament tightness Lack of shoulder exercise and stretching   3. Will frozen shoulder recover on its own? Can it be ignored?Frozen shoulder can last from several months to years and typically resolves gradually on its own. But during flare-ups, pain can be severe, and limited shoulder movement can disrupt normal life. It is generally recommended to seek medical help promptly to alleviate pain and accelerate recovery. Different stages require different treatments or medications prescribed by doctors.   4. What treatments are available for frozen shoulder?Doctors often use physical therapy like stretching exercises to restore shoulder flexibility and strength. Heat and cold therapy also help reduce pain. Patients should do home exercises to maintain shoulder mobility. Based on severity, doctors may prescribe anti-inflammatory medication or corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, arthroscopic surgery may be performed to repair or remove inflamed tissue. If you experience prolonged shoulder stiffness and suspect frozen shoulder, see a doctor as soon as possible!

Many people experience tinnitus, but should it be ignored? Will it affect hearing?   1. What is tinnitus? Does it affect hearing? Tinnitus is a buzzing or hissing sound that occurs even when there's no source in the surrounding environment. It usually lasts for a few seconds and then stops. Both children and adults can experience tinnitus, but if it persists, you should seek medical attention immediately. Studies show that 90% of people with tinnitus also have hearing loss, so tinnitus may be a symptom of hearing loss. Tinnitus is categorized into two main types: objective tinnitus and subjective tinnitus. The key difference between objective and subjective tinnitus lies in whether the tinnitus heard by the sufferer can also be heard by others using headphones. While objective tinnitus can be heard by others using headphones, subjective tinnitus is only audible to the sufferer.   2. What causes tinnitus? The cause of tinnitus is unknown, but the following factors are associated with it: Exposing yourself to high-decibel levels for extended periods, such as at concerts or at construction sites. Hearing loss: Hearing loss gradually worsens with age and is also strongly associated with tinnitus. Ear diseases: Otitis media, inner ear infections, or excessive earwax blocking the ear canal can also affect hearing and cause tinnitus. Medication side effects: Some medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), certain antibiotics, and chemotherapy drugs, may cause tinnitus. Temporomandibular joint disorders: Head or neck injuries can damage the ear structure, impairing the transmission of sound signals to the brain and causing tinnitus.   3. Is tinnitus preventable? To prevent tinnitus and protect your hearing, it's best to use earplugs in noisy environments or avoid prolonged exposure to loud noises. Also, pay attention to the volume when using headphones, and regular hearing tests are recommended. Since hearing loss can be severe or minor, and long-term tinnitus can directly impact your quality of life, it's recommended to seek medical attention and get checked out as soon as possible.   Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Hong Kong Department of Health Student Health Service - How Much Do You Know About Tinnitus?

1. Are all acne the same? Are there different types? The most common types of acne are as follows: Whiteheads: Raised bumps on the skin with white or yellow pus inside. Blackheads: Open comedones with a darker surface. Papules: Small, red rashes without pus. Pustules: Usually red with a white pus-filled surface, generally considered moderately inflamed. Nodules: Large, firm, and buried deep in the skin. Cysts: Larger than nodules and filled with pus, generally more painful. If the skin is already red, indicating inflammation, it is generally not recommended to pop it yourself. This is because popping it can worsen the inflammation and may even cause scarring.   2. What are some effective ways to prevent acne? In addition to maintaining a positive mood, you can also try the following to prevent acne: Face cleansing habits: Use gentle cleansing products both morning and evening, avoiding over-cleansing. Avoid frequent contact with your face. Dietary habits: Avoid consuming high-sugar, high-fat foods, and dairy products. Lifestyle habits: Exercise regularly and avoid staying up late.   3. When should you see a doctor? What treatments are available? Acne typically develops during adolescence. Hormonal factors can trigger acne growth, and many adults also develop acne due to excessive stress or an unbalanced diet. Most acne breakouts gradually subside after adolescence. If an adult experiences persistent breakouts for more than two months without improvement, it's recommended to seek medical attention. Your doctor will prescribe topical and oral medications, such as isotretinoin and antibiotics, based on your skin condition. In severe cases, steroids or laser treatments may be recommended to reduce inflammation and scarring, and promote skin repair.

Has anyone ever experienced dizziness or loss of balance while walking? You might think it's just low blood sugar, but it could actually be a sign of a stroke!   1. What is a stroke? Strokes are generally divided into three types: ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot forms in an artery, obstructing blood flow, or when the blood vessel wall thickens, reducing blood flow. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when bleeding within the brain or subarachnoid hemorrhage affects blood circulation to the brain. Transient ischemic stroke, commonly known as a "mini-stroke," typically lasts from a few minutes to a few hours and resolves within 24 hours.   2. What are the symptoms of a stroke? Half of the face droops, asymmetrical expression Difficulty speaking, slurred speech Weakness in one limb Severe headache or dizziness Loss of balance   3. Who is at high risk for stroke? Stroke is actually caused by a combination of high-risk factors. Individuals with this condition should pay special attention to their health and prevent it. High blood pressure, high cholesterol Diabetes Heart disease Family history of disease Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption Obesity   4. Is there a golden window for stroke treatment? Since strokes typically occur suddenly, if diagnosed as an ischemic stroke by a doctor, according to the Hospital Authority, the chance of recovery is higher if intravenous thrombolytic therapy is received within three hours. Therefore, it's crucial to seek medical attention immediately if a problem is identified. This golden window is crucial for seeking medical attention.

Although COVID-19 has eased over time, the disease has not completely disappeared, and infections leading to death continue to occur each year. Fatal cases caused by COVID-19 have never ceased entirely, so the risk remains present.   Why is COVID-19 still a concern?While COVID-19 is no longer considered a global pandemic, infections and deaths continue to be reported worldwide — including in Hong Kong. According to the Centre for Health Protection, from January 30, 2023 to December 28, 2024, there were still 1,398 deaths preliminarily assessed to be related to COVID-19. Therefore, until the disease is fully eradicated, the situation should not be taken lightly. Are there any government-subsidized services available?Yes. Even though the pandemic has ended, the government has continued its COVID-related initiatives. Eligible individuals can still receive government-funded COVID-19 vaccinations. Further details are available on the government’s dedicated webpage:https://www.chp.gov.hk/tc/features/106934.html In addition, the government provides the oral antiviral medication Paxlovid free of charge to eligible COVID-19 patients. This medication helps relieve symptoms and can reduce the risk of severe illness or hospitalization by 85–89%, especially in high-risk groups. It is recommended that patients begin treatment within five days after symptom onset. Paxlovid can also be obtained through private doctors participating in the government scheme. Human Health is one of the designated organizations authorized to distribute the medication. Confirmed patients may visit their nearest Human Health Medical Centre for inquiries. More details can be found here:https://humanhealth.com.hk/zh-hant/Gov-funded-Programme/details/covid_paxlovid   Frequently Asked Questions (Q&A)   How long do I need to take the oral COVID-19 medication?Treatment should start within five days of symptom onset and continue for a total of five days without interruption.   Who should take special precautions before using COVID-19 oral medication?The medication can be used by individuals aged 12 or above, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it affects liver enzymes, so it is unsuitable for patients with severe kidney impairment or liver failure. It may also interact with cholesterol-lowering drugs or HIV medications. Patients taking these long-term should consult a doctor before starting treatment.   Are there any side effects from the COVID-19 oral medication?Known side effects of Paxlovid include changes in taste and diarrhea. Less common reactions may include mild headaches, vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, high blood pressure, and general discomfort. These effects usually resolve after completing the full treatment course. If significant discomfort occurs, patients should seek medical advice.

1. What is cataract? Are there ways to cure it completely?A cataract refers to the clouding of the lens inside the eye. The only way to completely treat cataracts is through surgery. Modern cataract surgery technology is highly advanced, with small incisions (2.2 mm) and quick recovery. During the surgery, the doctor removes the cloudy lens and implants an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).   2. What is an intraocular lens (IOL), and how do I choose the right one?There are several types of intraocular lenses to choose from, including: Monofocal lens:This lens provides clear vision at only one distance. Patients can choose whether to have clearer vision for near, intermediate, or far distances. They may still need glasses for other distances. To reduce dependence on glasses after surgery, some patients can use monovision, where one eye is adjusted for near vision and the other for distance vision. It takes time for the brain to adapt, and the doctor will assess suitability beforehand. Multifocal lens:This lens has multiple concentric focusing zones, allowing light from different distances to focus on the retina. The advantage is that patients can see both near and far objects without glasses. However, the brain also needs time to adjust to this new way of seeing. Some patients may experience halos or glare, and vision in dim lighting may be less sharp. Extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) lens:This lens uses optical technology to extend depth of focus, providing continuous vision from far to intermediate distances. It offers smoother vision transitions and tends to cause fewer halos and glare compared with multifocal lenses. Toric lens:For patients with astigmatism, toric lenses can be used—available in monofocal, multifocal, or EDOF versions—to correct astigmatism and improve visual clarity.   Each type of lens has its own advantages and drawbacks. When selecting an appropriate lens, the doctor will consider various factors such as whether the patient prefers not to wear glasses, lifestyle and work needs, and the presence of other eye conditions. For instance, patients with glaucoma or macular disease may not be suitable for multifocal lenses.

Corns from Wearing High Heels — Causes, Treatment, and Prevention Many women develop corns from frequently wearing high heels, which can cause severe pain when walking if left untreated. So what exactly is a corn? Is it contagious? How can it be managed or prevented? This article invites a specialist to answer these common questions for you.   Is a lump on a joint a corn?When the skin experiences prolonged friction or pressure, the outer layer thickens and forms calluses — commonly known as corns. Corns usually develop as a single lesion on areas exposed to pressure, such as the bottoms of the feet, between the toes, or on the outer sides of the little toes. When pressed, they can stimulate nerves and cause pain. Corns are generally divided into two types: hard corns and soft corns. Apperance  Common Locations  Type  Hard corn Pressure points on the sole, tops, or outer sides of toes Round or oval in shape Soft corn Between the toes Softer texture, whitish in color   Corns are typically a few millimeters in size. When the thickened callus penetrates into the dermis, it forms a round or oval core surrounded by a translucent, pale yellow ring.   Why do corns form?Most corns develop from wearing shoes that are too tight or too loose, or from walking with poor posture. High heels in particular increase pressure on the toes, significantly raising the likelihood of developing corns.   How to tell the difference between a corn, a callus, and a wart?Corns and calluses are both caused by repeated friction and are not contagious. Warts, however, are caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can spread. Condition Cause  Apperance  Contagious?  Common Locations Corn Repeated friction or pressure causes overgrowth of keratin Small area with a white or translucent center No Soles or toe joints Callus Repeated friction or pressure Larger, flat area without a distinct core No Pressure points on feet or hands Wart Viral infection (HPV) Raised surface with tiny black dots; can multiply through spread Yes Any body part     How to effectively remove corns? If the corn is just beginning to form, try regular foot care first: Soak feet in warm water for about 15 minutes daily. Gently rub the area in circular motions using a pumice stone to smooth the surface. Apply moisturizer afterward. If discomfort or pain occurs, consider one of the following four treatment methods: Corn plasters or medicated solutions:These usually contain salicylic acid and are suitable for mild cases. Since salicylic acid is highly corrosive, it may irritate the surrounding skin, so use with caution and allow a few days between treatments. Most mild corns heal in about a week after proper use.Important: Do not attempt to dig out or cut the corn yourself. Corns extend into the dermis, and trimming them with nail clippers can cause bleeding, tissue damage, or bacterial infection, making the condition worse. Cryotherapy:This treatment sprays liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy superficial tissue. It needs to be done gradually to control the depth of tissue damage and usually requires several sessions. Laser therapy:A common and precise treatment method. Laser therapy removes the keratinized layer without harming nearby tissue, helping the wound heal faster and reducing the chance of recurrence. Surgical removal:For severe or persistent cases, surgical excision may be considered to remove the corn completely.   Do corns always need treatment? When is it necessary?Not always. Mild corns can usually be managed with regular foot care, corn plasters, or ointments. However, if walking causes pain or significant discomfort, medical treatment should be considered.   How to prevent corns? Protecting your feet in daily life is key to prevention: Wear properly fitted shoes. Avoid narrow-toed or non-breathable heels and leather shoes. Choose comfortable cotton socks to protect against friction. Use insoles to reduce pressure and rubbing. Soak and moisturize feet regularly to soften thickened skin. Maintain proper walking posture to avoid prolonged pressure on specific areas of the foot.

There are many causes of sore throat, ranging from the common cold to more serious conditions like influenza or inflammation. While many people tend to overlook a mild sore throat, persistent pain may be caused by inflammation or even malignant tumors — so it must not be ignored.   Why does a sore throat occur? Is it always a sign of a cold? The “throat” generally refers to both the pharynx and larynx — the upper airway area extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and trachea. A sore throat can have many causes, and not all are related to infections. Sometimes, irritation alone can lead to pain: Foreign body: When objects (such as fish bones) get stuck in the throat, they can cause discomfort and soreness. Vocal strain: Overuse of the voice (such as shouting or singing loudly) can inflame the vocal cords, causing hoarseness and pain. Dietary irritation: Alcoholic drinks with high alcohol content or spicy foods can irritate the throat and trigger inflammation. Smoking and air pollution: Cigarette smoke irritates the airways, and so does secondhand smoke. Poor air quality or excessively dry air can also cause throat pain. Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux): When stomach acid flows back into the throat, it erodes the mucous lining, resulting in burning pain. Accidental ingestion of chemicals: Swallowing corrosive or alkaline substances can severely damage the throat’s mucous membranes and cause intense pain. Sore throats caused by irritation usually do not come with other symptoms. However, many sore throats are due to infections. Pathogens can spread through lymphatic fluid or blood, or directly invade throat tissue, causing inflammation, swelling, and in severe cases, pus formation.   What foods or drinks can relieve throat discomfort? At the early stage of a sore throat, the following may help ease discomfort: Cold or warm drinks: If swallowing is painful, drink cold or warm tea (with honey, if preferred). Letting ice melt in the mouth can also relieve pain. However, infants under one year old should not consume honey due to the risk of botulism. Throat lozenges: Lozenges containing menthol provide a cooling effect that soothes irritation. Children or teenagers can also suck on hard candies. Saltwater gargle: Mix half a teaspoon of salt into 240 ml of warm water and gargle to reduce inflammation. Avoid irritants such as spicy or acidic foods and drinks. If these home remedies do not help, over-the-counter medicines like painkillers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — for example, ibuprofen or naproxen — may provide relief. Always consult a pharmacist and follow the dosage instructions carefully.   When should you see a doctor? Seek immediate medical attention if a sore throat is accompanied by any of the following: A foreign object (e.g. fish bone) stuck in the throat causing breathing difficulty. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. A high-pitched sound when inhaling (stridor), which may indicate airway narrowing. A child leaning forward while breathing — a possible sign of epiglottitis, a serious condition blocking the airway. Muffled or “potato-like” speech. Continuous drooling due to difficulty swallowing. Swelling of the tongue or neck. Inability to move the neck or open the mouth. Also, if your sore throat persists and is accompanied by any of the following, visit a clinic for examination: High fever above 38°C or fever that does not subside. Headache, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. Swollen neck lymph nodes. Earache. Rash on the body or “strawberry tongue.” Red, irritated eyes. Presence of pus in the throat.   How is a sore throat treated? Doctors first ensure the airway is clear, then treat pain and accompanying symptoms. If the sore throat is diagnosed as viral or bacterial, appropriate medication will be prescribed. Patients can support recovery by ensuring sufficient rest. Fatigue and weakened immunity can delay healing. Getting enough sleep and reducing stress are essential for strengthening the immune system and alleviating symptoms.   Could persistent sore throat indicate a serious condition? Pharyngitis: Acute pharyngitis is inflammation caused by infection. The throat becomes red, swollen, and painful, often accompanied by fever and headache. Repeated episodes can lead to chronic pharyngitis, causing ongoing discomfort or a foreign-body sensation in the throat, sometimes with coughing. Mumps (Parotitis): Inflammation of the parotid gland (beneath the ears) caused by viral infection spread through droplets. Symptoms include fever, facial swelling and pain, headache, muscle soreness, fatigue, poor appetite, and painful swallowing. Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland may cause hormone imbalance — leading to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism — with symptoms like heat intolerance, palpitations, anxiety, sore throat, fatigue, muscle pain, and hoarseness. Tonsillitis: When the tonsils (at the sides of the throat) are infected, they become red, swollen, and in severe cases, develop pus. Patients often experience high fever (up to 39–40°C), severe throat pain, and fatigue. If the infection spreads, it can cause swollen and painful lymph nodes in the neck. Tonsil cancer: A malignant tumor of the tonsil, usually linked to smoking and drinking. Typical symptoms include persistent one-sided throat discomfort or a foreign-body sensation, sometimes with mild pain radiating to the ear. Diagnosis requires biopsy.

Regular Check-ups to Prevent HPV Infection Is HPV a Virus That Only Affects Women? According to the Centre for Health Protection, studies show that up to 75% of sexually active men and women will be infected with HPV (human papillomavirus) at some point in their lives.While condoms can reduce the risk of transmission, they cannot fully cover all genital skin, meaning unprotected areas may still become infected.HPV can remain dormant for years, and the absence of symptoms does not mean you are free from infection.Getting the HPV vaccine early can help prevent infection by the human papillomavirus. However, as the vaccine cannot protect against all HPV strains, regular cervical screening is still necessary to prevent cervical cancer.   What Health Problems Can HPV Cause? Most HPV infections do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they can lead to disease.HPV transmitted through skin-to-skin contact can cause common warts on the hands and feet.Sexually transmitted HPV infects the genital and anal areas, causing genital warts (commonly known as “cauliflower warts”).High-risk HPV strains can lead to cancer over time, including cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer, and anal cancer.   How Can I Know If I Have HPV? There are several tests to check for abnormalities in cervical cells.The most common method is the Pap smear test.Another option is the HPV DNA genotyping test, which can detect the presence of specific high-risk HPV types even before cellular changes occur.   The First Line of Defense Against Cervical Cancer Although Pap smear screening helps detect cell abnormalities, HPV infection can persist silently for years before progressing to cervical cancer.During this stage, Pap tests may not always identify early changes.Early screening using HPV DNA testing can detect the virus itself before it causes abnormal cell growth, offering a more effective way to prevent cervical cancer.   What Can HPV DNA Screening Detect? If HPV is detected:Consult a doctor for further assessment, such as colposcopy, to check for the presence of precancerous cervical cells. If HPV is not detected:This indicates no HPV infection was found in your cervical cells.Nonetheless, you should continue to undergo regular cervical screenings to ensure ongoing protection against cervical cancer.   Do I Need to Get an HPV DNA Test Before Vaccination? Testing before vaccination is not mandatory.HPV DNA testing helps identify early cellular changes caused by existing infection, while the HPV vaccine aims to prevent infection from specific HPV types you haven’t yet contracted.However, for individuals who are already sexually active, a preliminary HPV DNA test can be useful to determine if the cervix is healthy and whether any early treatment is required.

Novel Coronavirus FAQs   *Availalbe in Chi Version Only

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This Father’s Day, Show Love Through Action Dad works hard every day to provide the best life for us so that we can grow up healthy and happy.Now that we’ve become independent, we hope he can enjoy good health, a carefree mind, and a fulfilling life.This Father’s Day, why not turn your care into action by arranging a comprehensive health check-up for your dad?Not sure which tests to choose? Here are some helpful tips:   What Can a Lipid Profile Detect? Since “the three highs” (high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar) are chronic diseases that often go unnoticed, a lipid profile is an effective way to screen for potential issues early.   Is a Prostate Exam Necessary? Many men start experiencing prostate problems in middle age, such as pain or discomfort during urination.Because these are sensitive issues, many suffer in silence.Regular prostate check-ups can effectively detect prostate health concerns early, allowing timely treatment.   Should Dad Get the Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Vaccine? Vaccination can effectively prevent shingles and reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia (nerve pain that may follow infection).It is recommended that individuals aged 50 and above receive the shingles vaccine to lower their risk.   Should the Heart Be Checked Even Without Symptoms? As we age, the risk of arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart disease increases.Heart examinations such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or echocardiogram can assess the overall health and function of the heart.   Snoring—A Sign to Consider a Sleep Apnea Test? A sleep apnea screening can effectively detect sleep apnea early to prevent chronic oxygen deprivation to the brain.Early diagnosis also helps reduce the risk of high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease—and may prevent sudden death during sleep.   Why Is a Colonoscopy Important? A colonoscopy is an effective test for detecting colon polyps or early signs of colorectal cancer.Individuals aged 50–75 (born between 1944 and 1970) can participate in the government’s Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme for free testing.   The above information is intended for general reference and does not replace your doctor’s advice.If you have any questions, please consult your family physician.We accept no responsibility for any omission or error in this content.

Show Your Love This Mother’s Day with Care and Health Many people want to show love to their mothers on this special day.Aside from gifts, flowers, or taking her to a nice meal, why not show you care by paying attention to her health?Health is priceless—and safeguarding your mother’s wellbeing is the most meaningful gift you can give. In addition to common concerns like high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure, here’s a list of other important health checks to help you turn love into action this Mother’s Day.   Should She Get a Mammogram or Breast Ultrasound Every Year? Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women in Hong Kong, and its incidence is rising with younger cases being reported.Self-examination may sometimes detect lumps, but by the time symptoms appear, the cancer might have already reached Stage 2.Women aged 40 and above should have a clinical breast exam and ultrasound scan every year, plus a mammogram every two years.A breast ultrasound distinguishes cysts from solid tumors, while a mammogram can detect microcalcifications that may indicate early cancer.Both tests complement each other for more accurate screening.   What Is a DEXA Bone Density Test? Does “Anti-resorptive Injection” Help Maintain Bone Health? Women begin losing bone mass around age 35, and this accelerates after menopause as estrogen levels drop sharply.Osteoporosis produces no obvious symptoms until fractures occur—commonly in the hip, spine, or forearm. Even minor impacts may result in fractures, and spinal collapse can cause back pain, stooping, or height loss. Some handheld bone scanners use ultrasound to measure heel bone density, but these are for screening only, not diagnosis.The standard method is the DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan. Besides calcium, vitamin D, sunlight exposure, and regular exercise, research has identified a naturally occurring protein called osteoprotegerin (OPG) that protects bone mass.The “anti-resorptive injection” mimics OPG to inhibit bone-resorbing cells, helping slow down bone loss and manage osteoporosis.   Should Elderly Mothers Still Get Cervical Screening and the HPV Vaccine? Cervical cancer, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), often has no symptoms in its early stages.By the time vaginal bleeding or abnormal discharge occurs, the disease may already be advanced.Fortunately, cervical cancer is preventable.Even women who are sexually active can gain protection from the HPV vaccine, and regular Pap smears are essential for detecting precancerous cell changes early.   Why Is a Colonoscopy Important? Colorectal cancer has become one of Hong Kong’s fastest-rising cancers and is now the second leading cause of cancer death.While the risk is higher in men, many women are also affected.Polyps in the colon typically take 10 years or more to develop into cancer, and early-stage cases often have no symptoms. The U.S. health authorities and Hong Kong’s Department of Health recommend regular colorectal cancer screening to detect and remove polyps early.If you or your family members are aged 50–75 (born between 1944 and 1970), you may be eligible for subsidized testing under the Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme.   Should Moms Get Vaccinated Against Shingles? Shingles (Herpes Zoster) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus—the same virus responsible for chickenpox.After recovery from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in nerve tissues and can reactivate as immunity declines with age.This causes painful rashes or blisters, usually on one side of the body, particularly on the back or waist. Shingles pain can last for up to four weeks and severely affect daily life.If the infection reaches the eyes or ears, it may cause blindness or hearing loss.Those aged over 50 or who have previously had chickenpox have a higher risk—so vaccinating early can prevent suffering later.   Can Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Injections Relieve Joint Pain? The knee joint bears much of the body’s weight and is prone to wear and tear over time.As cartilage gradually deteriorates with age, symptoms like pain climbing stairs, stiffness, or soreness during weather changes may occur—signs of osteoarthritis. Research shows that hyaluronic acid injections can reduce joint friction, preserve cartilage, and slow degeneration.The procedure is simple: the doctor disinfects the joint area, inserts a fine needle into the space, and injects the hyaluronic acid—usually completed in 15 seconds. Patients can stand and walk immediately afterward. However, HA treatment is temporary—each injection lasts 3 to 6 months and is mainly effective for mild to moderate osteoarthritis.For severe degeneration, joint replacement surgery may be recommended.   This information is for general health awareness and should not replace your doctor’s professional advice.If you have questions, please consult your family physician.No responsibility will be assumed for any omissions or errors in the content.

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Causative agent “Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent” refers to the cluster of viral pneumonia cases occurring in Wuhan, Hubei Province. According to investigation by the Mainland health authorities, a novel coronavirus is found to be the causative agent.   Clinical features According to information provided by the Mainland health authorities, symptoms of the cases include fever, malaise, dry cough and shortness of breath. Some cases were in serious condition. People of older age or having underlying disease are at a higher risk of deterioration into serious condition.   Mode of transmission and incubation period The main mode of transmission of novel coronavirus is through respiratory droplets, the virus can also be transmitted through contact. Current information suggests that the incubation period ranges from 1 to 12.5 days (with median estimates of 5 to 6 days), but can be as long as 14 days.   Management The main treatment is supportive.   Prevention There is no vaccine for this infectious disease at the moment.Health advice To prevent pneumonia and respiratory tract infection, members of the public should always maintain good personal and environmental hygiene. They are advised to: Wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places. It is important to wear a mask properly, including hand hygiene before wearing and after removing a mask; Perform hand hygiene frequently, especially before touching one's mouth, nose or eyes; before eating; after using the toilet; after touching public installations such as handrails or door knobs; or when hands are contaminated by respiratory secretions after coughing or sneezing; Maintain drainage pipes properly and regularly (about once a week) pour about half a litre of water into each drain outlet (U-traps) to ensure environmental hygiene; After using the toilet, put the toilet lid down before flushing to avoid spreading germs; Wash hands with liquid soap and water, and rub for at least 20 seconds. Then rinse with water and dry with a disposable paper towel. If hand washing facilities are not available, or when hands are not visibly soiled, performing hand hygiene with 70 to 80 % alcohol-based handrub is an effective alternative; Cover your mouth and nose with tissue paper when sneezing or coughing. Dispose of soiled tissues into a lidded rubbish bin, then wash hands thoroughly; and When having respiratory symptoms, wear a surgical mask, refrain from work or attending class at school, avoid going to crowded places and seek medical advice promptly. Travel advice The public should take heed of the health advice below when travelling outside Hong Kong: Do not travel to Hubei Province where community transmission of novel coronavirus is occurring; Avoid close contact with persons with fever or respiratory symptoms in countries/areas with possible community transmission of novel coronavirus infection. If it is unavoidable to come into contact with them, put on a surgical mask and continue to do so until 14 days after returning to Hong Kong; Avoid visiting hospitals. If it is necessary to visit a hospital, put on a surgical mask and observe strict personal and hand hygiene; Avoid touching animals (including game), poultry/birds or their droppings; Avoid visiting wet markets, live poultry markets or farms; Avoid making close contact with patients, especially those with symptoms of acute respiratory infections; Do not consume game meat and do not patronise food premises where game meat is served; Adhere to food safety and hygiene rules such as avoiding consuming raw or undercooked animal products, including milk, eggs and meat, or foods which may be contaminated by animal secretions, excretions (such as urine) or contaminated products, unless they have been properly cooked, washed or peeled; If feeling unwell when outside Hong Kong, especially if experiencing a fever or cough, wear a surgical mask, inform the hotel staff or tour escort and seek medical advice at once; and After returning to Hong Kong, consult a doctor promptly if experiencing a fever or other symptoms, take the initiative to inform the doctor of any recent travel history and any exposure to animals, and wear a surgical mask to help prevent spread of the disease.   * Source: Centre for Health Protection

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Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) is mainly transmitted through direct contact with nose or throat secretion of an infected person. It is a kind of bacteria that can cause serious invasive diseases, which usually affects young children. Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) does not cause influenza or flu. In contrary, it commonly presents as meningitis (infection of membranes covering the brain), often accompanied by germ entering the bloodstream. It may also affect other parts of the body, such as the lungs, epiglottis (upper part of the throat), etc. Meningitis can lead to symptoms such as fever and nausea; while epiglottitis can cause symptoms such as drooling and difficulty in breathing. Therefore, it is suggested that infants should receive a total of 4 Hib vaccinations respectively at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and 18 months after birth, so as to induce development of antibodies in the body and provide protection against bacterial infection.

Measles, Mumps and Rubella are infectious diseases that are transmitted by droplets or direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected persons. Therefore, it is recommended all infants and children should receive MMR vaccine, to effectively prevent the above three infectious diseases. Some children may experience fever or skin rash 5 to 12 days after injection, but these symptoms will not persist for long. A minority of children may develop transient swelling of lymph glands, but the cases are very rare.

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5 In 1 Vaccine & 6 In 1 Vaccine    5in1 Vaccine(DTaP-IPV/Hib) 6in1 Vaccine(DTaP-IPV-HBV-Hib) PreventableDiseases ．Diphteria．Tetanus．Pertussis．Polio．Hib ．Diphteria．Tetanus．Pertussis．Polio．Hib．Hepatitis B 2 kinds of mixed vaccines have adopted non-cellular formula. It can effectively prevent infants from being infected by Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Poliomyelitis and Haemophilus Influenzae. Type B (Hib). 6 in 1 is plus hepatitis B all rolled into 1 vaccine. Compare with the injection of traditional vaccines, these mixed vaccines can reduce total number of doses greatly and thereby help infants to alleviate with discomfort and pain related to vaccinations in order not to get parents worry.

Pneumococcal infection Pneumococcal infection represents a wide range of diseases caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae / pneumococcus). More than 90 serotypes have been identified. It can be transmitted by droplet spread and contact with respiratory secretions; direct contact is another way of transmission. S.pneumoniae causes a wide spectrum of diseases, including: meningitis: it is a severe type of pneumococcal infection and usually presents with fever, stiff neck and mental confusion, causing long-term problems, such as hearing loss, or even death; pneumonia: it commonly presents with fever, shortness of breath, chills and productive cough, and may result in death in severe cases; and otitis media: it presents with fever, ear pain with or without ear discharge, and may lead to hearing loss in recurrent cases. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) A. Why get vaccinated? Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) can effectively protect against severe invasive infections due to the serotypes of S. pneumoniae contained in the vaccine. Children aged below 2 years are at risk to severe invasive pneumococcal infection (i.e. meningitis, bacteraemic pneumonia and septicaemia) and are advised to get vaccinated.  In Hong Kong, PCV13 (vaccine consisting of antigens against thirteen pneumococci serotypes) is included in the Hong Kong Childhood Immunisation Programme.  The Scientific Committee on Vaccine Preventable Diseases recommends individuals aged 2 to 64 years with certain high risk conditions* to receive 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharideas well as PCV 13.  For more details, please refer to the following link: *High risk conditions include: History of invasive pneumococcal disease Immunocompromised states: Asplenia, HIV /AIDS , primary immunodeficiency Immunodeficiencies related to malignancies and transplantation Immunodeficiencies related to use of immunosuppressive drugs / systemic steroid Chronic disease Chronic cardiac, pulmonary, liver or renal disease Diabetes mellitus or Cerebrospinal fluid leakage With cochlear implants (Essential hypertension per se is not considered as a high risk condition) Different factors such as age and clinical condition may affect the risk of pneumococcal disease. Patients with high-risk conditions should discuss with their attending doctors on the most appropriate vaccination regimen. B. When should my child get vaccinated? A child is advised to receive 3 doses of PCV13 in the first year of life (at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months old), and another booster dose at 12 months old. C. The following individuals should NOT receive PCV serious allergic reaction to previous dose of PCV serious allergic reaction to diphtheria toxoid containing vaccine D. What are the side effects? Most people have no serious reactions after receiving PCV.   Occasionally there may be mild fever (usually occur within 3 days after vaccination) or slight redness or swelling around the injection site, but these will gradually subside in a few days. If fever or discomforts persist, or abnormal breathing is observed, please consult a doctor immediately. E. How many types of PCV are available in HK and what are their protection? There are more than 1 type of PCV available in the market of Hong Kong but no one PCV can cover all serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Personal and environmental hygiene are important measures in preventing pneumococcal infection.  

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is another type of viral hepatitis that leads to acute hepatitis. It can be followed by chronic liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. It has an incubation period of 6 weeks to 6 months. About 5-10% of infected adults and 70-90% of infected infants are unable to clear the virus, therefore becoming chronic hepatitis B and serving as a source of infection to others. Epidemiology HBV infection occurs throughout the world. It is estimated that more than 2 billion people have been infected worldwide, of which more than 350 million have chronic liver infection. Hepatitis B is endemic in Southeast Asia. In Hong Kong, the overall prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection is moderate. Transmission of Hepatitis B The hepatitis B virus is found in the body fluids of an infected person, mainly in the form of blood, amniotic fluid, semen and vaginal secretions. Routes of transmission: Perinatal transmissionA chronic hepatitis B mother usually transmits hepatitis B virus to an infant perinatally.The chance of perinatal transmission is more than 90%. In areas of high endemicity like Hong Kong and China, this is a major route of transmission. Blood contact Accidental contact with an infected person's blood or body fluids through skin cuts, abrasion, or mucosal membranes of the eyes and mouths. Sharing injection instruments for drug injection. Using contaminated instruments for ear-piercing, tattooing or acupuncture. Sharing personal items such as razors, shavers or nail trimmer which may have been contaminated with blood. Sexual contactUnprotected sexual contact with an infected person. Prevention of Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is one of the diseases that can be transmitted by blood and body fluids, therefore the precautions are the same as those against other blood-borne infections. Handle an open wound carefully; make sure it is properly bandaged. Disinfect items contaminated by blood or body fluid with household bleach. Use gloved hands to handle splashes of blood and body fluid and perform hand hygiene after cleansing.-For blood, cleanse the visible matter with disposable absorbent material soaked with 1 part of household bleach into 4 parts of water (1:4). After leaving for 10 minutes, rinse with water.-For blood-stained clothing, soaked with 1 part of household bleach into 49 parts of water (1:49) for 30 minutes then washed as casual.-For other body fluids, cleanse the visible matter with disposable absorbent material soaked with 1 part of household bleach into 49 parts of water (1:49). After leaving for 30 minutes, rinse with water. Do NOT share razors and toothbrushes or needles with other people. Be careful if you decide to undergo procedures like tattooing and mole removal. Make sure clean, disposable instruments are used. Limit the number of your sexual partners. Practice safer sex and use the condom properly. If your sexual partner is known to be a chronic hepatitis B, receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible. Prevention by Hepatitis B Vaccination The most effective method is through hepatitis B vaccination. The complete course of vaccination takes a total of three injections. The second injection is given 1 month after the first, and the third injection 5 months after the second. About 90 to 95% of people will gain life-long immunity to hepatitis B after a full course of vaccination. Preferably have blood tests before vaccinated. Only people who have never been exposed to hepatitis B should have vaccination. Who should receive vaccination against hepatitis B Vaccination against hepatitis B may be considered in the following groups of people: Newborns Household and sexual contacts of chronic hepatitis B Intravenous drug users People who receive blood or blood products on a regular basis People on dialysis Health care workers who might be in contact with blood or other body fluids. Medical treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) Your doctor may perform tests such as liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein, blood level of virus, and ultrasonographic liver examination etc. These will guide clinical management, including the use of antiviral drugs. Antiviral drugs are able to suppress HBV replication and thereby reduce virus-induced liver damage. Consult your doctor for the appropriateness of these drugs. For people with CHB who require immunosuppressive therapy, such as high dose steroid or chemotherapy, your doctor will decide whether treatment is needed to protect your liver.     Source: https://www.info.gov.hk/hepatitis/english/hep_b_set.htm

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• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small RNA virus that causes liver damage. Like hepatitis B carriers, some hepatitis C carriers develop chronic hepatitis, liver scarring or liver cancer.• The incubation period is 6-9 weeks (ranges from 2 weeks to 6 months).• A majority of people infected with HCV do not have symptoms or signs. If symptoms and signs occur, they are indistinguishable from those of hepatitis A or hepatitis B virus infections. About 80% of acute infections do not clear the virus and chronic infections ensue.• To test for hepatitis C infection, HCV Ab and HCV RNA are used.• The risk of liver failure and liver-related death from HCV increases for those who are co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Epidemiology• Worldwide, HCV prevalence is directly related to the prevalence of persons who routinely share injection equipment and to the prevalence of contaminated parenteral practices in health care settings.• WHO estimates that 2-3% of world population is chronically infected with HCV.• It has been estimated that less than 0.5% of the general population in Hong Kong carry hepatitis C virus, but the infection rate is higher among injecting drug users.Transmission of Hepatitis CHepatitis C is spread in a similar way as hepatitis B, mainly through blood contact by:• sharing needles or 'works' when shooting drugs,• needlesticks injuries or sharps exposures on the job,• vertical transmission from an infected mother to her baby during labour.Less commonly, a person can get Hepatitis C infection via sexual contact. The risk increases among men who have sex with men, for those who have sexually transmitted infection, engage in rough sex, or are infected with HIV.PreventionThere is no vaccine available against hepatitis C. The following preventive measures should be taken to prevent hepatitis C:• Do not shoot drugs. If you shoot drugs, stop and get into a treatment programme. If you cannot stop, never share needles, syringes, water, or 'works'.• Do not share personal care items (e.g. razors, toothbrushes) that are potentially contaminated with blood.• HCV infected persons should not donate blood, organs, or tissue.• Health care worker should always follow routine barrier precautions and should handle needles and sharps safely.• Use latex condoms correctly and every time when you have sex.Medical Management• HCV positive persons should be evaluated by their doctor for liver disease.• Drugs can be used to treat the infection. Treatment should take into consideration of severity of disease, contraindications, and likelihood of successful response. Source: https://www.info.gov.hk/hepatitis/english/hep_c_set.htm

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