Education Corner

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also known as prostate enlargement, is a common health issue in middle-aged and older men. It is not cancer but occurs when the prostate, a small gland, grows larger with age, pressing on the urethra and causing urination difficulties. Simply put, it’s like the prostate “growing bigger.” According to the Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, about half of men over 50 in Hong Kong experience some degree of BPH.   What is the Prostate and Why Does It Enlarge? Think of the urinary system as a pipeline, with the prostate as a walnut-sized gland surrounding the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder). It produces part of the seminal fluid to support sperm movement. As men age, hormonal changes (like testosterone effects) cause prostate cells to multiply, enlarging the gland. This can squeeze the urethra, causing issues. In severe cases, the prostate may swell to the size of a mango. Medically, this often starts at ages 40–50, driven by age, hormonal imbalances, and genetics.   Common Symptoms of BPH BPH develops gradually and may not be noticeable early on. When the prostate presses on the urethra, symptoms include: Frequent urination: Especially at night (nocturia), needing to visit the bathroom often. Urgency: Sudden, uncontrollable urges to urinate. Weak urine stream: Slow, intermittent flow, like squeezing toothpaste. Incomplete emptying: Feeling the bladder isn’t fully emptied after urinating. Other: Occasional pain or blood in urine, though rare. Severe cases may lead to urinary tract infections or kidney issues. These symptoms can affect sleep and quality of life, but severity varies. Some men experience only mild discomfort.   Who is More Likely to Develop BPH? Age is the main factor (risk increases over 50), but other risks include: Family history: If your father or brother had BPH, you’re more likely to develop it. Lifestyle: Obesity, lack of exercise, or poor diet can worsen it. Health conditions: Diabetes or heart disease may indirectly contribute. The good news? BPH isn’t cancer and won’t become cancer. However, ignoring it could lead to complications like bladder stones or urinary retention.   How is It Diagnosed? If you have symptoms, a doctor will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a digital rectal exam (DRE) to check prostate size. Other tests may include urine flow studies, ultrasound, or PSA blood tests (to rule out cancer). Treatment depends on symptom severity.   How to Prevent or Manage It? While BPH can’t be fully prevented, lifestyle changes help: Maintain a healthy weight, eat more vegetables, and limit red meat. Exercise regularly, like walking or swimming, to support urinary health. Avoid holding urine and drink less water at night. Get regular check-ups for early detection.   Conclusion BPH is a natural part of aging for men, much like graying hair. Noticing symptoms early and seeking professional advice can manage it effectively. If you have urination issues, don’t be shy—see a doctor. It can improve your life and prevent complications.

What Are Warts and Do They Need to Be Removed? Warts are common skin growths that look like small, hard bumps or fleshy grains, appearing on hands, feet, face, or elsewhere. They’re caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), are not dangerous, but can sometimes feel embarrassing or uncomfortable. Many ask, “Do warts have to be removed?” The answer: Not always!   What Are Warts? Warts are small growths on the skin caused by HPV infection. The virus enters through tiny skin cuts, triggering excess cell growth to form a wart. Think of it as an uninvited guest on your skin—harmless but possibly bothersome. According to Hong Kong’s Department of Health, warts are common across all ages, especially in children and young adults due to frequent skin contact (like sharing towels or walking barefoot).   Types of Warts Warts vary in appearance and location: Common Warts: Rough, hard bumps, often on hands or fingers. Plantar Warts: Grow on the soles of feet, can be painful when walking, like stepping on a pebble. Flat Warts: Smooth, small warts, common on the face or legs, especially in young people. Genital Warts: Appear near genitals, a special type requiring extra attention. Each type may need different handling based on location and symptoms.   Why Do Warts Form? HPV is the culprit! It spreads through: Direct contact, like shaking hands with someone who has warts. Sharing towels, shoes, or walking barefoot in public pools. Small skin cuts, making it easier for the virus to enter. People with lower immunity (e.g., stressed or ill) are more prone to warts. Fortunately, warts rarely cause serious health issues.   Do Warts Need to Be Removed? Good news: Many warts disappear on their own! Especially in kids or young adults, the immune system may clear them in months to a couple of years. But you might consider treatment if a wart: Affects your appearance, causing embarrassment. Causes pain (like plantar warts). Spreads or multiplies quickly. Grows in sensitive areas (like the face or genitals). Always consult a doctor for the best approach.   How to Decide and What Are the Treatment Options? Warts don’t always need removal—it depends. Common options include: Watchful Waiting: If painless, many warts fade naturally. Over-the-Counter Treatments: Salicylic acid creams from pharmacies soften warts for removal, but require weeks of use. Cryotherapy: Doctors freeze warts with liquid nitrogen, a simple, common method. Laser or Surgery: For stubborn or large warts, doctors may use lasers or minor surgery. Other Methods: Electrosurgery or chemical treatments for specific cases. Important: Don’t cut or tear warts yourself—it risks infection or spreading! Genital warts need professional care due to their link to sexual transmission.   How to Prevent Warts? While not fully preventable, these tips help: Keep skin clean and dry to avoid cuts. Don’t share towels, shoes, or personal items. Wear flip-flops in public pools or gyms. Boost immunity with a balanced diet, exercise, and good sleep.   When to See a Doctor? Consult a doctor if a wart: Grows quickly, changes color, or bleeds. Causes pain or disrupts daily life. Appears on sensitive areas like the face or genitals. Might not be a wart (to rule out other issues, like skin cancer). In Hong Kong, dermatologists or general practitioners can offer professional checks for safety.   If unsure, don’t try to handle warts yourself—seeing a doctor is the best choice! This information is for reference only; always follow medical advice.

Both the common cold and influenza (often called the flu) are respiratory infectious diseases, but they are caused by different viruses. In general, flu symptoms appear more suddenly and are more severe than those of the common cold. The flu can also lead to more serious complications. People with a common cold typically have symptoms like a runny nose, while those with influenza are more likely to develop severe complications such as pneumonia or bacterial infections, which may even require hospitalization. Therefore, getting the flu vaccine is an important measure to prevent influenza and its complications.

Everyone associates "cancer" with death and incurable diseases. Is it true that cancer has no prevention methods and no early warning signs?   1. Is cancer common in Hong Kong? And what causes it?The death rate from cancer in Hong Kong is quite high, accounting for about 30% of all deaths in the city. Common cancers such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer are among the most frequent.In fact, most cancers may show some early warning signs or symptoms in their initial stages, and early detection can greatly improve the chances of cure.Cancer is caused by abnormal uncontrolled proliferation of mutated cells in the body, forming tumors. Tumors are classified as benign or malignant, with malignant tumors referred to as cancer.   2. What are the early warning signs or symptoms of cancer? Weight loss Night sweats or fever Persistent fatigue Unexplained pain Skin changes: unexplained bruises or lumps Difficulty swallowing or persistent mouth ulcers Changes in bowel habits: indigestion, nausea, persistent constipation or diarrhea   3. How long is the golden period for cancer treatment?These symptoms are often subtle and easily overlooked. It is therefore recommended everyone remain vigilant of their body’s condition and seek medical help promptly if feeling unwell.While the progression time varies depending on cancer type with no fixed definition of "how many months," earlier cancer detection generally improves cure rates.For example, according to the Hong Kong Cancer Foundation, the survival rate for colorectal cancer detected at stage one can be as high as 95.7%, but it drops to 68.7% by stage three. Early diagnosis usually means higher survival than late diagnosis. Thus, besides maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular health check-ups are advised.  

Every woman has a few days each month when they feel irritable. Can menstrual irregularities become a big problem?   1. How long should a normal menstrual period last?Most women have a menstrual cycle of about 28 days, with a normal range between 21 and 35 days. The duration of each period usually lasts around 3 to 7 days.   2. Does menstrual irregularity just mean late periods? When should you seek medical advice?Menstrual irregularity does not just mean delayed periods. The following symptoms can also indicate menstrual irregularity: Excessive or scanty menstrual bleeding Period lasting more than 8 days or less than 3 days Severe abdominal pain during menstruation Menopause before age 40If menstrual irregularities persist, it is recommended to consult a doctor for a comprehensive examination and appropriate treatment.   3. What causes irregular menstrual cycles?Menstrual irregularities may be caused by stress, hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, etc. Irregular menstruation can be one symptom of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which results from hormonal imbalance leading to irregular or absent ovulation, potentially causing infertility. PCOS may also lead to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, and endometrial cancer. Since the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, doctors generally prescribe oral contraceptives to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce symptoms. Patients are also advised to maintain healthy diet and exercise habits to help stabilize ovulation.If you find yourself experiencing long-term irregular periods, remember to consult a doctor early and undergo gynecological examination!

1. Why does nerve damage occur? Trauma Herniated disc or tumor pressing on nerves Autoimmune diseases such as diabetes Vitamin B deficiency Long-term use of medication or alcohol   2. What are the symptoms of nerve damage? Numbness or tingling sensation in the skin, like being pricked by needles Pain when touching certain areas or cold objects Reduced pain sensitivity, unable to feel pain normally   3. How to prevent nerve damage?To prevent nerve damage, maintain a healthy diet, reduce alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have regular health check-ups. Diabetic patients should carefully monitor their blood sugar levels. These measures help reduce the risk of nerve pain.   4. Is nerve pain the same as muscle pain?When suddenly feeling a prickling sensation in the body, is it muscle pain or nerve pain? Even if the skin has no wounds but feels prickling on touch, it may not be muscle cramps or muscle pain, but nerve damage.Nerve pain and muscle pain are different.     Nerve Pain Muscle Pain Cause Due to disease or injury Caused by tension, stress, overuse, minor injury or strain Pain Prickling, tingling, sharp pain; pain intensifies when touching specific areas or cold objects Muscles may feel stiff or sore; pain when pressing or exerting the muscle   Nerve pain is just one symptom of nerve damage. If you suspect nerve damage, seek medical attention as soon as possible for treatment.